a001-网络基础2.pptVIP

* * 本字段以四个字节为单位规定了报头部分的总长度。如果没有“option”字段，本字段的值是5，即5×4=20字节。 如果“option”字段达到最大长度，本字段的值是15，即15×4=60字节。 HLEN(Header length, 4 bits) Defines the total length of the datagram header in four-byte words. When there are no options, the header length is 20 bytes, and the value of this field is 5 (5×4=20). When the option field is at its maximum size, the value of this field is 15 (15×4=60). * Service type (8 bits) Defines how the datagram should be handled by the routers. This field is divided into two subfields: precedence (three bits) and service type (four bits). The remaining bit is unused. * Total length（16 bits） Defines the total length (header plus data) of the IP datagram in bytes. Since the field length is 16 bits, the total length of the IP datagram is limited to 65536 (216-1) bytes, of which 20 to 60 bytes are the header and the rest is data from the upper layer. * 源主机赋予各数据报的唯一标识，当数据报分片通过子网传输时使用之。 Identification（16 bits） Identifies a datagram originating from the source host. When a datagram is fragmented, the value in the identification field is copied into all fragments. The identification number helps the destination in reassembling the datagram. All fragments having the same identification value should be assembled into one datagram. * 第1位不用，第2位为1表示不得分片，为0表示可以分片，第3位为1表示非最后的报片(后面还有) ，为0表示是最后一片或只有一片。 Flags (3 bits) The first bit is reserved. The second bit is called the do not fragment bit. If its value is 1, the machine must not fragment the datagram. If it cannot pass the datagram through any available physical network, it discards the datagram and sends an ICMP error message to the souce host. The third bit is called the more fragment bit. If its value is 1, it means the datagram is not the last fragment; If its value is 0, it means this is the last or only fragment. * 本片数据在初始数据报区中的偏移量（以8个字节为一个单位）。 Fragmentation offset (13 bits) Shows the relative positiion of this fragment with respect to the whole datagram. It is the offset of the data i