经济学第讲概述.pptVIP

* * * * * * * 鸡蛋价格变化 1970年 ：5300 million dozen 2010 年 6392 million dozen). 2010 12.5 million students enrolled in four-year undergraduate college degree programs, 1970， 6.9 million 城镇水产品市场的价格从1996年到2000年下降了15.66%。 ??由于水产养殖专业化程度提高和打捞渔业的发展，使得水产品供给增加。 ??生活水平的提高、人口的增加和对健康的追求，使城镇居民对水产品的需求也增加了，但其增加的幅度不如供给。 市场制度：影响需求 政府制度 习惯 情绪 最高价格和最低价格 最高价格（Ceiling price） 政府 允许销售者定出的最高价格（Maximum price） 当这一最高价格低于市场均衡价格时出现短缺（shortage ） 最低价格（ Floor price ） 政府 允许销售者定出的最低价格 当这一最高价格高于市场均衡价格时出现剩余（ surplus ） Ceiling Floor Prices (Figure 2.11) Qx Quantity Price (dollars) Qx Px Px Quantity Price (dollars) Sx Dx 2 50 1 62 22 3 32 84 Panel A – Ceiling price Sx Dx 2 50 Panel B – Floor price 供求理论应用 1.双城记 2.计算供求和福利 The demand and supply curves for newspapers in a Midwestern city are given by QD = 152 – 20P QS = 188P – 4 where Q is measured in thousands of newspapers per day and P in dollars per newspaper. a. Find the equilibrium price and quantity. b. Calculate the consumer and producer surplus at the equilibrium price. Solution: a. Equilibrium QD = QS 152 – 20P = 188P – 4 P = $0.75 Q = 137 b. To calculate consumer and producer surplus QD = 152 – 20P 0 = 152 – 20P 20P = 152 P = 7.6 CS = areaA =$469,225 Q S = 188P – 4 0 = 188P – 4 4 = 188P P = 0.02 PS = area B = $50,005 3.How Much Did 9/11 Hurt the Airline Industry? In the fourth quarter of 2001, the first full quarter after the attack, there were only 123.6 million enplanements, a drop of 17% from the previous year. According to the DOT data, the average ticket price that airlines received per enplanement in the fourth quarter of 2000 was $122.22. In the fourth quarter of 2001, this average revenue had fallen to $104.82. This change in average revenue measures the price change over the period. To figure out the damage to the industry, we need to compute the change to producer surplus. In 2000 the equilibrium price and quantity were $122.22 and 148.9 million enplanements, respectively, and the producer surplus was the total shaded