基因与基因组学概述.ppt

概念: 一个物种的单倍体染色体数目，称该物种的基因组(genome)。 (细胞或生物体的一套完整的单倍体遗传物质的总和称为基因组) Genome was defined as the haploid chromosomes of one species ? 基因:是指合成有功能的蛋白质、多肽链或RNA所必需的全部核苷酸序列。基因的本质通常是DNA。 Gene is the whole nucleotide acid sequence that is essential to synthesize functional protein and polypeptide or RNA. Essence of gene is DNA 基因概念的发展 一个基因一种酶（蛋白质） 一个基因一条多肽链 RNA作为遗传信息的携带者 …… From simple virus to complicated higher organisms,the total genetic information that control life activity is stored in genes. 不同的生物，基因的结构、数目及组合方式不同。同一生物，除精细胞和卵细胞外，所有细胞都具有相同的遗传信息 There are different structure ,number and combination forms of gene between different species. For one species,all cells except for germ cells possess the same genetic materials. 基因组学(Genomics) 是阐明基因组结构、结构与功能的关系以及基因与基因之间的相互作用的科学. 主要内容包括： 结构基因组学 Structural genomics 功能基因组学 Functional genomics 比较基因组学 comparative genomics 随着基因组研究的深入，一系列基因组学也应运而生，如： 环境基因组学(enviromental genomics) 行为基因组学(behavioral genomics) 营养基因组学(nutritional genomics) 药物基因组学（pharmacogenomics) 一、??????? 原核生物基因组 Prokaryotic genome 原核生物 (prokaryote) 原核生物是细菌、放线菌、衣原体、支原体和蓝细菌等比较原始的生物的总称. Prokaryotes are the simplest living cells including bacteria, archaea, actiunomyces,chlamydia,mycoplasma Prokaryote Prokaryotes consist of a single cell which has no nucleus or nucleolus. There is a single chromosome compacted into a nucleoid in the cell interior. Being no karyotheca, gene transcription and translation occurs simultaneously Cell is divided into two cells after DNA replication Prokaryotic genome 单一染色体.、基因数量较少. 功能相似的基因往往定位在同一区域（操纵子结构）. ??多为单拷贝基因（单一顺序基因）. 绝大多数基因都是可表达的, 非表达基因 少. 转录产物为多顺反子mRNA 编码顺序一般不重叠 基因序列是连续的，无内含子。 Prokaryotic genome Single chromosome, less number of genes. The similar functional genes usually located in the same region,such as operon. Most of them are single copy gene (single order sequence). Mass of them are expressional,few of non-expressional gen