第2章用图表和统计量看数据祥解.ppt

* Shape Concerned with extent to which values are symmetrically distributed. Kurtosis The extent to which a distribution is peaked (flatter or taller). For example, a distribution could be more peaked than a normal distribution (still may be 慴ell-shaped). If values are negative, then distribution is less peaked than a normal distribution. Skew The extent to which a distribution is symmetric or has a tail. Values are 0 if normal distribution. If the values are negative, then negative or left-skewed. * * * * * * Shape Concerned with extent to which values are symmetrically distributed. Kurtosis The extent to which a distribution is peaked (flatter or taller). For example, a distribution could be more peaked than a normal distribution (still may be 慴ell-shaped). If values are negative, then distribution is less peaked than a normal distribution. Skew The extent to which a distribution is symmetric or has a tail. Values are 0 if normal distribution. If the values are negative, then negative or left-skewed. * Location (Position) Concerned with where values are concentrated. Variation (Dispersion) Concerned with the extent to which values vary. Shape Concerned with extent to which values are symmetrically distributed. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2008年5月 切比雪夫不等式(Chebyshev’s inequality) ?对于k=2，3，4，该不等式的含义是 至少有75%的数据落在平均数加减2个标准差的范围之内 至少有89%的数据落在平均数加减3个标准差的范围之内 至少有94%的数据落在平均数加减4个标准差的范围之内 2008年5月 比较几组数据的离散程度—离散系数(coefficient of variation) 1. 标准差与其相应的均值之比 对数据相对离散程度的测度 消除了数据水平高低和计量单位的影响 4. 用于对不同组别数据离散程度的比较 5. 计算公式为 2008年5月 离散系数 (例题分析) 某管理局所属8家企业的产品销售数据 企业编号 产品销售额（万元） x1 销售利润（万元） x2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 170 220 390 430 480 650 950 1000 8.1 12.5 18.0 22.0 26.5 40.0 64.0 69.0 【 例 】某管理局抽查了所属的8家企业，其产品销售数据如表。试比较产品销售额与销售利润的离散程度 2008年5月 离散系数 (例题分析) 结论： 计算结果表明，v1v2，说明产品销售额的离散程度小于销售利润的离散程度 v1= 536.25 309.19 =0.577 v2= 32.5215 23.09 =0.710 数据类型与离散程度测度值 数据类型和所适用的离散程度测度值 数据类型 分类数据 顺序数据 数值型数据 适 用 的 测 度 值 ※异众比率 ※四分位差 ※方差或标准差 — 异众比率 ※离散系数（比较时用） — —