当代世界经济与政治(英文部分 定稿 第五章).pptVIP

第五章 社会主义国家的经济与政治 普通高等教育“十一五”国家级规划教材 当代世界经济与政治(第3版) Socialism An economic and political system in which private property is abolished and the means of production are collectively owned and operated by the community as a whole in order to advance the interests of all. In Marxist ideology, socialism is considered an intermediate stage in the inevitable transformation of capitalism into communism. A socialist society is envisioned as being characterized by the dictatorship of the proletariat（无产阶级）; the existence of high degree of cooperation and equality; and the absence of discrimination, poverty, exploitation（剥削）, and war. With the non-existence of private ownership, the private profit motive is eliminated from economic life. Consequently, market forces do not play a role in organizing the process of production. Instead, large-scale government planning is employed to ensure the harmonious operation of the process of production. Soviet soft power was progressively（不断地） undercut （损害）by the de-Stalinization（非斯大林化运动） in 1956 that exposed his crimes; by the repressions（镇压） in Hungary in 1956, in Czechoslovakia in 1968, and in Poland in 1981; and by the growing transnational communication of liberal ideas. Lenin’s heirs maintained domestic power through a brutal state security system. The net effect of these repressive measures on the Russian people was a general loss of faith in the system. Stalin had created a system of centralized economic direction that emphasized heavy smokestack industries（烟囱工业）. It was very inflexible—— all thumbs and no fingers —— and tended to stockpile（囤积） labor rather than transfer it to growing service industries. At the end of the twentieth century, the major technological change of the third industrial revolution was the growing role of information as the scarcest（最稀缺的） resource in an economy. The Soviet system was particularly inept（笨拙的，愚蠢的） at handling information. The deep secrecy of its political system meant that the flow of information