张恭庆泛函分析上册答案.docVIP

1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.7 1.3.8 1.3.9 1.4.1 1.4.5-6 1.4.9 1.4.11 1.4.12 1.4.13 1.4.14 1.4.15 1.4.17 1.5.1证明：(1) (() 若x(int(E)，存在( 0，使得B( (x) ( E． 注意到x + x/n ( x ( n ( ( )，故存在N ( (+，使得x + x/N ( B( (x) ( E． 即x/( N/( 1 + N ) ) (E．因此P(x) ( N/( 1 + N ) 1． (() 若P(x) 1．则存在a 1，使得y = a x(E．因((int(E)，故存在( 0，使得B( (() ( E．令( = ( (a ( 1)/a，(z(B( (x)，令w = (a z ( y )/(a ( 1)， 则|| w || = || (a z ( y )/(a ( 1) || = || a z ( y ||/(a ( 1) = || a z ( a x ||/(a ( 1) = a || z ( x ||/(a ( 1) a(/(a ( 1) = (． 故w(B( (() ( E．故z = ((a ( 1)w + y )/a ( E，因此，B( (x) ( E．所以x(int(E)． (2) 因int(E) = E，故有cl(int(E)) ( cl(E)．下面证明相反的包含关系． 若x(cl(E)，则(( 0，存在y(E，使得|| x ( y || (/2． 因ny/(n + 1) ( y ( n ( ( )．故存在N ( (+，使得|| Ny/(N + 1) ( y || (/2． 令z = Ny/(N + 1)，则z(E，且P(z) ( N/(N + 1) 1， 由(1)知z (int(E)．而|| z ( x || ( || z ( y || + || y ( x || (/2 + (/2 = (． 故x(cl(int(E))，因此cl(E) ( cl(int(E))所以cl(int(E)) = cl(E)． 1.5.3证明：因为C是紧集，所以C是闭集． 因为C是紧集，故C的任意子集都列紧． 而T(C) ( C，故T(C)列紧． 于是，由Schauder不动点定理，T在C上有一个不动点． [Schauder定理：B*空间中闭凸集C上使T(C)列紧的连续自映射T必有不动点] 1.5.4 1.5.5证明：设C = {x = (x1, x2, ..., xn)((n | ( 1 ( i ( n xi = 1，xi ( 0 ( i = 1, 2, ..., n) }． 则C是有界闭集，且是凸集，因此C是紧凸集． 因为(x(C，xi 不全为0，而aij 0，故Ax的各分量也非负但不全为零． (x(C，设f (x) = (Ax)/( ( 1 ( i ( n (Ax)i )，则f (x)(C． 容易验证f : C ( C还是连续的． 由Brouwer不动点定理，存在f的不动点x0(C． 即f (x0) = x0，也就是(Ax0)/( ( 1 ( i ( n (Ax0)i ) = x0． 令( = ( 1 ( i ( n (Ax0)i，则有Ax0 = ( x0． 1.5.6证明：设B = { u(C[0, 1] | ([0, 1] u(x) dx = 1，u(x) ( 0 }， 则B是C[0, 1]中闭凸集． 设max (x, y)([0, 1]([0, 1] K(x, y) = M，min (x, y)([0, 1]([0, 1] K(x, y) = m， ([0, 1] (([0, 1] K(x, y) dy) dx = N，max x([0, 1] | ([0, 1] K(x, y) dy |= P． 令(S u)(x) = (([0, 1] K(x, y) u(y) dy)/(([0, 1] (([0, 1] K(x, y) u(y) dy) dx ) 则([0, 1] (S u)(x) dx = 1，u(x) ( 0； 即S u(B．因此S是从B到B内的映射． (u, v(B， || ([0, 1] K(x, y) u(y) dy ( ([0, 1] K(x, y) v(y) dy || = || ([0, 1] K(x, y) (u(y) ( v(y)) dy || = max x([0, 1] | ([0, 1] K(x, y) (u(y) ( v(y)) dy | ( M · || u ( v ||； 因此映射u ( ([0, 1] K(x, y) u(y) dy在B上连续． 类似地，映射u ( ([0