新编简明语言学教程教案第2章.docVIP

Chapter 2 Phonetics ? Contents: 2.1.The phonic medium of language 2.2.1 What is phonetics pharyngeal cavity 2.2.2 Organs of speech oral cavity nasal cavity broad transcription 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds narrow transcription vowel 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds consonants 2.3 phonology 2.3.1 phonology and phonetics 2.3.2 phone, phoneme, and allophone因素，音位和音位变体 2.3.3 phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair Sequential rules 2.3.4 Some rules in phonology Assimilation rule Deletion rule stress 2.3.5 Suprasegmental features tone intonation 2.1.The phonic medium of language 2.2.1. What is phonetics Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language. 语音学是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音。 Articulatory phonetics----it studies how a speaker uses his speech organ to articulate the sounds. Acoustic phonetics---- it studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. 发音语音学通过观察声波研究语音的传播方式，即语音经过空气从一个人到达 另一个人的物理方式。 Auditory phonetics---- it studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. 2.2.2 Organs of speech (vocal organs) the pharynx (pharyngeal cavity), the mouth (oral cavity), and the nose (nasal cavity).? 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds语音的正字法表征 a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way. 2.2.3.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet) IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet ? 1.3.2 Two ways to transcribe speech sounds Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks. Narrow transcription: transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. Di