近代光学14-Nov4th讲义.ppt

* In Rayliehg’s own words, “this rule is convenient on account of its simplicity and it is sufficiently accurate in view of the necessary uncertainty as to what exactly is meant by resolution. * * * * * * * * * * * The film was located at about 30ft from a small aperture so that no focusing lens was needed. Lambda=632.8nm. The right pattern is the same pattern as left one further exposed to bring out some of the faint terms * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 上册P235)3,6 * * * 2. Zeroes of the irradiance From the standard tables, J1(u)=0 when u, i.e. kaq/R, is equal to 3.83, 5.14, 8.42, 11.6, whereupon, I/I(0) drops from one to 0.0175, 0.0042 and 0.0016, respectively. 84% of the light arrives within the Ariy disk and 91% within the bounds of the second dark ring Fraunhofer Diffraction 3. Circular apertures are preferable to rectangular ones as far as lens shapes go, since the circles’s irradiance curve is broader around the central peak and drops off more rapidly thereafter. Fraunhofer Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction 0.5 mm hole diameter 1.0 mm hole diameter Fraunhofer Diffraction Airy rings --- long exposure Airy disc --- short exposure with the same aperture (1.5 mm hole diameter) Fraunhofer Diffraction O Z X Y P direction (l,m,n) Q Q’ The General Aperture XY plane: plane of aperture P direction: direction of interest (l,m,n): diretion cosines of P Q : general point in aperture Q’: the point in which the line in direction (l,m,n) to P cuts the reference plane QQ’: The distance difference between QP and OP Fraunhofer Diffraction F(x,y): the complex amplitude in the aperture as function of location (x,y) which includes both of amplitude and phase. QQ’=lx+my Complex amplitude at P point, sum of all such components like Q over the aperture Fraunhofer Diffraction The Fraunhofer diffraction pattern in amplitude of an aperture is the Fourier transform of the complex amplitude distribution cross the aperture Fraunh