Chapter5Flowinducts.ppt

第五章 管中流动Chapter 5 Flow in Ducts 管道输送的应用 管道输送稳定可靠，不受外界因素的影响。 管道输送安全性好，管理简单，也不需装车却车环节。 管道输送有很好的经济特性。 §5-1Reynolds Experiment Critical velocity and Reynolds Number From laminar to turbulent, Vc unstable uncertain From turbulent to laminar, Vc stable certain Hydraulic loss in ducts 2、Procedure in forming §5-2 Laminar Flow in Pipe Application 1、 (2)Steady incompressible flow (3)Axial symmetry property of velocity distribution (4) Uniformity of pressure variation (5) Mass forces 2、Velocity flux 4.Distribution of shearing stress Kinetic energy correction factor Momentum correction factor coefficient Friction losses 1）Pressure loss 6.Head loss Darcy equation 3) Power loss §5-3 Turbulent Flow in Pipe Hypothesis of mixing-length 3、Distribution of shear stress Distribution of shear stress Distribution of velocity §5-4 Friction losses in pipe flow Nikurads experiment Moody chart §5-5 Minor losses in pipe systems Pipe entrance or exit Sudden expansion or contraction Bends, elbows, tees and other fitting Valves,open or partially closed Gradual expansion or contraction 4).Gradual contraction pipe 5).Entrance exit 6).Bends elbows 7) Tees 9) Accessory §5-6 Pipe flow calculation Three types problems: 1.pressure drop or head loss: H, hw 2.geometries of pipe system:λ,d,ξ,Δ,l 3.flow rate or velocity :Q,V Short pipe Long pipe Homework P316 5-11 P320 5-12 P322 5-25 P324 5-33 1.978 1.408 0.977 0.661 0.440 0.294 0.206 0.158 0.138 0.132 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 8) Valves 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.8 5.7 7.5 12 24 85 Shutoff valve 0.1 0.18 0.30 0.60 1.1 1.8 3.2 6.5 15 60 Gate valveζ Open 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Aperture% laminar —fluctuation —Time-average Characteristics of boundary layer: 1.δx, very thin layer 2.great velocity gradient, 3.δ increase with the main stream or uniform pressure across the boundary layer Viscous stress is in the same order as the inertia force Two regimes, laminar flow, turbulent flow ,the