投影片数位相机镜头基本光学资料.ppt

數位相机鏡頭基本光學 1.鏡頭是什么? 模擬人眼 將景物成像到Sensor表面 透鏡組 控制曝光(exposure) 基本特性: --Focus point, focus length --Aperture and F number 2.鏡頭示意圖: f F f d aperture image Axis Scene distance(s) Image distance(i) F F number = f /d 1/s+1/i=1/f Object 3.鏡頭基本特性-Focal length Effective Focal Length (EFL) Zoom of lens View angle (Field of View, FOV) Focal length and FOV for 35mm camera Wide angle Normal Telephoto EFL 17mm 28mm 35mm 50mm 85mm 135mm 300mm View angle 104 75 63 47 29 18 8.2 4.等同于於35mm相机的Focal length 在35mm相机上獲得相同視角時的focal length 35mm底片為24mmx36mm,對角長43.27mm Sensor對角線長ι,focal length f 等效focal length=43.27* f /ι 5.同視角等效示意圖: Diagonal length 6.4mm sensor theta Axis 7.2mm Diagonal length 43.27mm theta Axis 35mm 43.27*7.2/6.4=48.67 6.鏡頭基本特性- Aperture Aperture diameter (d)及F number (f /d) --F2.0:Diameter of aperture is 1/2 of focal length --F1.4,F2.0,F2.8,F4.0,F5.6…. --數值愈大,進光量愈小,解析度愈高 鏡頭進光量:跳一級差根號2,光量差2倍 鏡頭速度:Fast lens and slow lens F-stop:F1.4跳至F2.0,表示f-stop加一 7.薄透鏡公式:1/s+1/i=1/f 及示意圖 F image Axis Scene distance(s) Image distance(i) F i- f f hi hs object hi/hs=(i-f)/f M=hi/hs=I/s i/s=(i-f)/f=i/f-1 1/s+1/i=1/f 8.其他鏡頭特性 球面鏡及非球面鏡 解析度(resolution, detraction) 几何像差(distortion) 景深(depth of field) 色散 10.解析度 包括空間頻率(線條密度)和MTF(解析能力) 需配合sensor密度 --解析度太高會在Sensor面產生moire --Sensor不一定能正确解析 建議為Sensor理論解析度的60%到80% 角落區域不應低於Sensor理論解析度1/3 11.几何像差(distortion) 解像時隨半徑變化而有不同的扭曲量 30% 50% 60% distortion 4 3 0 sensor r0 r1 Distortion percent= (r1-r0)/r0*100% 12.景深 物件不會失焦的有效成像范圍 Circle of confusion --失焦時物体上的一點會成像成底片上一個小 圓點. --c=1/1730 of diagonal of frame or.03mm for 35mm --對sensor來說就是一個pixel的大小. 13.景深示意圖: Best focus plane Depth of focus Depth of field Best focus distance Front Depth of Field Rear Depth Of Field Maximum size of acceptable blur 14.景深計算 1/s+1/I=1/f