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Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian Democracy means: “exercise of power by the whole people”, but by “the whole people”, the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights. Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odyssey Drama developed in the 5th century B.C Tragedian 悲剧作家 Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯— Prometheus普罗米修斯 bound/ Persians / Agamemnon阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅 Sophocles— Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯 the king / Electra / Antigone[希神] 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡) Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)— Andromache / Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛) / Trojan 特洛伊women Comedist 喜剧作家 Aristophanes— Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps Philosophy Socrates苏格拉底 : Dialogues 谈话录 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。 Plato柏拉图: Dialogues对话录 / the Apology / Symposium (dealing with beauty and love) / the Republic Plato’s philosophy is called idealism理想主义, 唯心论. Aristotle亚里斯多德: Ethics 伦理学/ Politics / Poetics诗论 / Rhetoric修辞学 重点What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was happiness, but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation沉思. Cynics 犬儒主义 P29 Diogenes第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人, decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek, he rejected all conventions – whether of religion, of manners, dress, housing, food, or of decency. Roman history P38 The year 27 B.C divided the history of Rome into two periods: before then, Rome had been a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediterranean地中海 , reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotamia in the east. The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵) and