跨文化交际之关系取向教案分析.pptVIP

Relational orientation Interpersonal relations are not easy to characterize: they vary according to geographical location, life-style,ethnic background,religious orientation, socioeconomic level, age and education level. ---KathyJ.Irving Reasons for these differences From the view of social background Philosophers emphasize on personal characteristics and freedom in ancient Greece. （古希腊社会强调个人特性和自由） While in ancient China ,they emphasize the relationship between individuals and society. （中国社会强调个人与社会的关系） From the view of social cognition Chinese people are inclined to dependent and their social relationship is more complex. While the relationship between western people is relatively simple.  From the view of their thinking orientation  In western countries: Their thinking orientation inclines to individuals ; While in China: It is an interpersonal thinking orientation. Hierarchical 等级制取向 Collateral 附属性取向 Individualistic个体主义取向 1 2 3 View definition example advantage/disadvantage Hierarchical等级制取向 Hierarchical or lineal orientation emphasizes hierarchical principles and deferring to higher authority or authorities withhin a group. People in these cultures(like the Arab countries) believe that some people are born to lead and others to follow. 在等级制取向的国家中，群体分成不同的层次等级，每个群体的地位保持稳定，不随时间的改变而改变。等级社会倾向于实行贵族统治。 沙特是君主制王国，禁止政党活动。没有宪法，《古兰经》和穆罕默德的圣训是国家执法的依据。国王行使最高行政权和司法权，有权任命、解散或改组内阁，有权立、废王储，解散协商会议，有权批准和否决内阁会议决议及与外国签订的条约、协议。 1992年3月1日，法赫德国王颁布治国基本法，规定沙特阿拉伯王国由其缔造者阿卜杜勒阿齐兹.拉赫曼 .费萨尔.沙特国王的子孙中的优秀者出任国王。 等级制取向的影响有积极的一面，也有消极的一面。 从消极的方面看：及其容易引起内部争端，决策过于独断。 从积极的方面看：利于维护帝国的稳定，巩固权力的统一。 Collateral附属性/群体性取向 Collateral orientation is mainly dominant in collective cultures such as China, Republic of Korea , Mexico etc. That see the group as the most important of all social entities.Group goals always precede individual goals. 附属性取向注重群体，但并不是具有时间延续性的群体而是在时空中与个人关系最密切的群体成员。事实上，这一取向考虑的只是人们的群体成员身份而不是具体的人