Lesson.5教程分析.ppt

Infiltration vs. Runoff Infiltration rate ＜ precipitation intensity →Runoff occurs → Soil erosion 影響Infiltration之主要土壤性質：土壤質地與土壤構造 Evapotranspiration 影響Evapotranspiration之因子： Radiant energy Atmospheric vapor pressure (Relative humidity) Temperature Wind Soil moisture supply Plant characteristics Evapotranspiration之控制 Plant characteristics and management Fallow Cropping Mulches Paper and plastic mulches Crop residue and conservation tillage Percolation and Groundwater Percolation and groundwater movement of chemical in the drainage water A depletion of plant nutrients from the soil and from the root environment of plants The accumulation of chemical nutrients in ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwater downstream→Eutrophication(優養化) The groundwater is charged with synthetic chemicals and transports them to downstream bodies of water. Supplies and Outflow of Soil Water Human enhancement of supplies and outflow of soil water Artificial drainage Irrigation Lesson 5Soil Water and the Hydrological Cycle Soil Science 土壤水(Soil Water) 土壤水分之重要性： 水分為植物生長所必需 原生質之組成 光合作用所需 維持膨壓 水可作為溶劑(solvent)，影響營養元素或其他溶質(如重金屬、農藥)在土壤中之動態 影響土壤之通氣性 土壤水分含量(Water Content) Gravimetric water content(質量比例) θg = Volumetric water content(體積比例) θv = ρw = 1 →θg = θv Question ? θ=5% 砂土 θ=10% 粘土 ? 水分之移動 何者之水分植物較易利用? 土壤水之能量狀態(Energy Status) Water potential (勢能) ψ= μw (soil)- μ。w (standard state)=RT ln e/e。 μw：chemical potential (free energy/ mole) of water e/e。：ratio of vapor pressure of water in the soil to vapor pressure of water in the standard state R：gas constant T：absolute temperature (。K) 土壤水之能量狀態 (Energy Status) (續) 定義標準狀況(standard state)為 Pure water (純的，無溶質存在) Free water (除了重力之外，沒有外力之作用) at To, Po (temp. and pressure are arbitrary) and Zo (reference elevation) →water potential ψ=0 Water potential單位： energy/mole (J/mole) 也可表為 energy/volume (J/m3) ∵J = N (force) × m → J/m3 = N/m2 N/m2為壓力之單位→water potential可以壓力單位表之 如bar (=105 N/m2)；或者以導水頭(hydraulic head)表之，因壓力可以靜水壓表示 　　　　　　　靜水壓p