欧洲文化入门2.docVIP

1.希腊罗马 　　Homer?? Author of epics 　　Sappho Lyric poet 　　三大悲剧家： 　　Aeschylus 　　Tragic dramatist 　　Sophocles??? Tragic dramatist 　　Euripides??? Tragic dramatist 　　喜剧家： 　　Aristophanes?? Comedy writer 　　历史学家： 　　Herodotus? wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians? Father of history 　　Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse 　　the greatest historian that have ever lived 　　哲学和科学： 　　Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics 　　Heracleitue Fire is the primary element 　　Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory 　　Socrates Dissect of oneself， virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method 　　Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas 　　Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made 　　concrete individual realities 　　Euclid? a textbook of geometry 　　Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the 　　weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I‘ll move 　　the World“ 　　Others Diogenes （the Cynics） Pyrrhon（the Sceptics） Epicurus （the Epicureans） Zeno 　　（the Stoics） 　　4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander， king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克 　　2.基督教和圣经 　　Jews —以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament， 6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。 　　Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus， Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。 　　Hebrew 人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由 Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint 　　3.中世纪 　　开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败 　　5-11世纪 　　a period in which classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 　　1054，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox