操作系统精髓与设计原理英汉对照th.ppt

Memory Hierarchy存储器层次 Major constraints in memory存储器的主要局限 Amount容量 Speed速度 Expense费用 Faster access time, greater cost per bit存取时间越短，每位价格越高 Greater capacity, smaller cost per bit容量越大，每位价格越低 Greater capacity, slower access speed容量越大，存取速度越小 The Memory Hierarchy Going down the hierarchy沿着结构向下 Decreasing cost per bit每位价格递减 Increasing capacity容量递增 Increasing access time存取时间递增 Decreasing frequency of access to the memory by the processor存储器访问频度递减 Secondary Memory二级存储器 Auxiliary memory（亦）辅助存储器 External外部的 Nonvolatile非易失的 Used to store program and data files用于存储程序和数据文件 Roadmap Basic Elements Processor Registers Instruction Execution Interrupts The Memory Hierarchy Cache Memory I/O Communication Techniques Cache Memory高速缓存 Invisible to the OS对于操作系统不可见 Interacts with other memory management hardware与其他存储器管理硬件互动 Processor must access memory at least once per instruction cycle每个指令周期处理器至少访问一次内存 Processor speed faster than memory access speed处理器速度远快于内存访问速度 Exploit the principle of locality with a small fast memory利用局部性原理（在处理器和内存间）提供一个容量小速度快的存储器 Principal of Locality局部性原理 More details later but in short …之后更多细节但简而言之… Data which is required soon is often close to the current data最近调用的数据常常和当前数据比较近 If data is referenced, then it’s neighbour might be needed soon.如果数据被调用了，那么他的邻居可能很快就会被需要了 System Bus Communication among processors, main memory, and I/O modules在处理器内存和I/O模块间通讯 Top-Level View顶层视图（P7） Roadmap Basic Elements Processor Registers Instruction Execution Interrupts The Memory Hierarchy Cache Memory I/O Communication Techniques Processor Registers Faster and smaller than main memory比内存快、小 User-visible registers用户可见寄存器 Enable programmer to minimize main memory references by optimizing register use通过优先使用寄存器减少内存访问 Control and status registers控制和状态寄存器 Used by processor to control operating of the processor用以控制处理器的操作 Used by privileged OS routines to control the execution of programs由特权操作系统例程使用以控制程序执行 User-Visible Registers用户可见寄存器 May be referenced by machine language可以通过机器语言引用 Availa