0-农药残留基础2007-1.ppt

农药残留分析基础 潘灿平 农业部农产品质量监督检验测试中心（北京） Email： panc@cau.edu.cn 农药残留分析基本流程 取样、实验室样品、分析部位、提取、样品净化、仪器分析、分析报告、结果报告 Steps in determination of pesticide residues sample preparation (laboratory sample reception and verification, sample preparation and processing, storage of samples, preparation and handling of reference standards, storage of analytical standards, and procedures for checking stock stability) extraction and clean-up, quantitative determination of the analyte (integration and calibration), estimation of uncertainty of results, confirmation of the analytes identity, and quality control procedures for pesticide residue analysis. 1、 农药基础知识 1） 农药的定义与有关概念 Pesticide 杀虫剂 广义的农药的概念： 农用化学品(Agrochemicals) 农药原药与制剂 农药的分类 不同化学结构的农药 农药定义 农药定义：引自《农药管理条例》 农药主要是指用于预防、消灭或控制危害农业、林业的病、虫、草和其它有害生物以及有目的地调节植物、昆虫生长的化学合成或者来源于生物、其它天然物质的一种物质或者几种物质的混合物及其制剂。 Pesticides are chemicals that we use to kill undesireable organisms. When we say undesireable organisms, we are referring to organisms (plants, animals, insects, etc.) that are harmful to us. Some of these organisms, or pests, eat our crops, while others spread diseases. And it doesnt always have to be this serious. Weeds can be considered a pest for just growing in the wrong places (our yards). The point is, if we are using some type of chemical to control these pests, that chemical would be considered a pesticide.  现代农业中农药的使用不可缺少 The world population is 5 billion and growing. Of those, 700 million are undernourished. Even with the use of pesticides, over one-third of our food is lost to pests. (Without pesticides, the losses will probably be even higher). Do you think we can afford to feed the world organically?  杀菌剂历史 杀菌剂是人类历史上最古老的药剂（公元前1000多年），从硫黄、石硫合剂、波尔多液、汞制剂，至今天的多种结构的化合物。有二硫代氨基甲酸酯类、苯并咪唑类、三唑类、吗啉类、酰胺类、嘧啶胺类等。 据英国植保协会出版的《The Pesticide Manual》) 介绍杀菌剂品种共200多 种，新研发品种共230种左右。 除草剂发展历史 20世纪40年代，H.B. Tukey和Celia Kirby等成功地合成和生产苯氧乙酸类除草剂，从此，对杂草的防治由人工进入化学防治阶段。 50年代，随着氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的出现，硫代氨基甲酸酯类除草剂也跟着进入农药市场，如扑草灭、苏达天、野麦畏、毒草胺、西玛津、赛克津等，现在有不少产品仍占有