写作篇 Chapter Eight Miscelaneous.pptVIP

* Part Three Practical Writing Chapter Eight Miscelaneous I. summaries II. Stating Acknowledgements III. Advertisements IV. Contracts V. Medical Instructions and Directions Summary A brief, concise restatement of the main facts or points Does not express the writer’s ideas, but someone else’s idea Report information using a lot fewer words Omit some details, or state them more concisely A true reflection of the original I. summaries 1. Introduction I. summaries 3. Guidelines for Writing a Summary A summary for academic purposes must be brief and concise. The following rules are usually observed. (1) Read over the source material quickly to get the gist. (2) Read it over again carefully to get the heart of each paragraph. Identify the main points and important support points. (3) Write out the skeleton of the source material. Include only the factual information. Omit the details and minor examples. I. summaries (4) Write the summery in your own words based on the skeleton you have worked out. Avoid referring to the source material so as to avoid plagiarism. (5) Use quotes judiciously. Use quotation marks to indicate the words or phrases or sentences used in the source material if necessary. (6) Keep the order of the source material and be loyal to the original article. Exclude your own comments. (7) The length of a summary is about one-third of the source material. (8) Note the source of the material is usually mentioned at the very beginning of the summary or at the end of the summary. I. summaries Note that you should adopt different writing strategies when dealing with different genre of passages. (1) Narration or a News Article A summary of a piece of narration or a news article should contain answers to the questions “who”, “what”, “where”, “when”, “why”, and “how”. That is to say, focuses should be laid upon the six elements: time, setting, characters, event, cause and effect. I. summaries (2) Exposition