Gastrulationamphibian精要.pptVIP

5. Amphibian Gastrulation Superficial layer of animal hemisphere? ectoderm Superficial layer of vegetal hemisphere ? endoderm The cells beneath the surface in the equatorial (marginal region) ? mesoderm (1) Cell movements during amphibian gastrulation The invagination of cells below the equator in the gray crescent（灰色新月区） initiates the gastrulation. The next phase involves the involution of the marginal zone cells（边缘带细胞）. The formation of LB (Lip of the blastopore : 胚孔唇） Firstly: dorsal lip Then: the dorsal lip expands laterally to form lateral lips. Finally: a ventral lip develops over which additional mesodermal and endodermal precursors cells pass. Lip of the blastopore (LB: 胚孔唇） The first cells to compose the dLB(背唇): the bottle cells that invaginated to form the endoderm later. Then: cells that involute to become the head mesoderm later. Next: chordamesoderm (脊索中胚层) cells. (2) Positioning the blastopore Bottle cells（瓶状细胞）: The main body of each cell goes toward the inside while the cell maintains contact with the outside surface by way of a slender (微细的）neck. The outer-inner length of these cells greatly increase to yield the “bottle” shape. Vegetal rotation: at least 2 hours before the bottle cells form, internal cell movements propel（推动）the cells of the dorsal floor of the blastocoel to be immediately above the involuting mesoderm. Vegetal rotation push the pharyngeal endoderm（咽内胚层）forward, driving the mesoderm passively（被动地） into the embryo. The involution is led by the pharyngeal endoderm and head mesoderm. Removal of the bottle cells does not affect the involution, while removal of the deep involuting marginal zone (深层内卷边缘带，dIMZ) cells stops archenteron formation. The convergent extension（集聚延伸） of the dorsal mesoderm Shortly before the involution, the several layers of deep IMZ cells intercalate（插入）. This intercalation causes a convergent extension along the mediolateral axis（中侧轴） that integrates（整合）several mesodermal streams to form a long, nar