材料科学导论第二章原子键详解.ppt

材料科学导论Introduction to Materials Science Fu maosheng Chapter 2/ Atomic structure and interatomic bonding Learning objectives： Why can the atoms bond together and comprise a solid? How many bonding types are there in materials？ What are the close interrelationships between properties of materials and their bonding types 本章基本要求 教学目的：从原子结构、结合键的不同层次去认识材料本质,加深对材料结构与成分与性能之间的关系的理解。 主要内容：了解原子结构对原子间结合键和材料性能的影响,掌握原子间的结合键种类及其各自特点,以及它们对材料性能的影响。 重点与难点： 重点：原子间的结合键种类及其各自特点。 难点：原子间的结合键对材料性能的影响 教学方法与手段 授课方式：讲课、讲座、课堂讨论、自学 教学手段：多媒体授课 课时安排： 2 主要讲述内容 结构分析 2.1 Atomic Structure 优点： 能定性地解释原子的稳定性即定态规则（定态的存在）和线状原子光谱 缺点： 它不能解释电子衍射现象,因为它仍然是将电子视为服从牛顿力学的经典粒子。 2） Wave-Mechanics model 波动力学模型 2、Wave-Mechanics model Four quantum numbers Electron configuration核外电子组态 To determine the manner in which electrons states are filled with electrons outside of nucleus, three principles are followed the lowest possible energy law Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund law the periodic stable of elements 2.2、 Interatomic bonding 原子间结合键 Classification of interatomic bonds 2.2.2.1 Primary interatomic bonds 主原子结合键 2.2.2.2 Secondary bonding or Van der Waals bonding 次原子间结合键 Ionic bonding is termed nondirectional, that is, the magnitude of the bond is equal in all directions around an ion. It follows that for ionic materials to be stable, all positive ions must have as nearest neighbors negatively charged ions in a three-dimensional scheme, and vice versa. The predominant bonding in ceramic materials is ionic. In covalent bonding stable electron configurations are assumed by the sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms. Two atoms that are covalently bonded will each contribute at least one electron to the bond, and the shared electrons may be considered to belong to both atoms. Covalent bonding is schematically illustrated in Figure 2.10 for a molecule of methane (CH4). Characteristic of covalent bond Directional Saturational. 3. METALLI