14CostCurves介绍.pptx

第 14 章;课程进度; 厂商能否进入某个产品市场？ 取决于厂商能否获得最大化利润！ 最大化利润的另一表述是：成本最小化！;不过，到现在为止，我们讨论的利润最大化也好，成本最小化也好 最终关心的、推导出的是产出引致的要素需求曲线…… 通俗地讲，就是目前只解决了如何以利润最大化或成本最小化为原则把产品生产出来，以生产产品所需要的要素投入规律！;5;A firm’s input demand curve factor demand curve; 有人可能会问：那讲那两章有何用处？ 答：要素市场中要用。;我们现在要问的是： 如果能够实现利润最大化、成本最小化 利润到底如何？成本到底多大？ 需要进行产出与成本的比较！ 就是要研究分析：厂商决定生产、供给产品时，生产成本是如何随着产出量、供给量变化而变化的。;本章的内容; 描绘出厂商的各种生产成本 随产量或供给量变化的规律（曲线） ;本章的要点;本章的内容;14.1 Types of Cost Curves;14.1 Types of Cost Curves;An average total cost curve is the graph of a firm’s average total cost function. An average variable cost curve is the graph of a firm’s average variable cost function. An average fixed cost curve is the graph of a firm’s average fixed cost function.;A marginal cost curve is the graph of a firm’s marginal cost function.;How are the total cost and the average total cost related with return-to scale or general output? How are these cost curves related to each other? How are a firm’s long-run and short-run cost curves related?;How are the total cost and the average total cost related with return-to scale or general output? How are these cost curves related to each other? How are a firm’s long-run and short-run cost curves related?;本章的内容;In Chapter 10 we discussed the idea of returns to scale A technology is said to have increasing, decreasing, or constant returns to scale, as f(tx1, tx2) is greater, less than, or equal to tf (x1, x2), for all t 1. ;It turns out that there is a nice relation between the kind of returns to scale exhibited by the production function and the behavior of the cost function. So, we study Returns-to-Scale and Cost Function;1.Costs Total cost, denoted by c Average total cost, denoted by AC;1.Costs For positive output levels y, a firm’s average total cost of producing y units is;The returns-to-scale properties of a firm’s technology determine how average production costs change with output level. A firm is presently producing y’ output units. How does the firm’s average produ