大学动物学--原生动物.pptVIP

Origin of Protozoa Earth is 4.6 billion years old Prokaryotic（原核的） cells date back over 3.5 billion years 1.5 Billion years ago Eukaryotic（真核的） cells Became protozoans 荷兰——列文虎克 Leewenhoek 原生动物的定义： 原生动物是一个完整的、能营独立生活的、单细胞结构的有机体。 原生动物特征 1.1 整个身体由单个细胞组成 原生动物即单细胞动物。 具有一般细胞所有的基本结构: 细胞膜 细胞核 细胞质 细胞器（线粒体、核糖体、内质网等） 1.2 身体微小 最小种类：2－3微米、 最大种类：1－3毫米 1.3 原始性 原生动物是动物界中是最简单、最原始的动物，反映了动物界最早祖先类型的特点。 1.4 有特殊的适应性 在不良环境下能形成包囊，在失去大部分结构后缩成一团，并分泌胶质在体外形成包囊膜，使自身与外界环境隔开，新陈代谢水平降低，处于休眠状态。等环境条件良好时又长出相应结构，脱囊而出，恢复正常生活。 Sporogongy Like multiple fission (schizogony) except occurs after union of gametes 包囊形成Encystment and Excystment Cyst forms to survive harsh environment Dormant stage Resistant covering Shuts down metablolism Up to 49 years! Parasite leaves host  寄生于内脏的（杜氏）利什曼原虫Visceral Leishmaniasis Primarily occurs in Africa and Asia. Characterized by irregular fever, weight loss, swelling of spleen liver, anemia. Fatality can be 90% if untreated. 白蛉子传播 寄生于皮肤的利什曼原虫Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Parasites form skin ulcers. As many as 200 lesions may form causing disability and social stigma 寄生于皮肤粘膜的利什曼原虫Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Central South America Destroys mucous membranes of nose mouth 昏睡病African Sleeping Sickness Parasite - Trypanosoma Chronic disease lasting years. Affecting countries of western central Africa. Vector - Tsetse fly (采采蝇 Glossina) Reservoirs - infected wild animals and humans 放射虫 Radiolarians Abundant in the ocean Ocean floors covered Forms sedimentary rock Siliceous test (shell) Skeleton made of silica Numerous geometric designs Radiolarian Tests 有孔虫 Foraminifera Secrete a test (shell) of calcium carbonate Grow new chambers as organism increases in size Foramen (opening) between chambers Shells constitute vast deposits on ocean floors Foraminifera Tests 3.重要的病原体—疟原虫 疟原虫 Plasmodium Malaria （疟疾、瘴气） Most important parasitic disease of humans today WHO estimates that 270 million new cases occur annually with 2