免疫学预防和治疗讲述.ppt

Wild poliovirus 1988 Polio Statistics Wild poliovirus 1998 Child with polio sequelae WHO Victims of polio WHO?? * 免疫学预防和治疗 ???????????????????????????????? 脊髓灰质炎 Polio 狂犬病Rabies? 风疹 Rubella Hepatitis B 流感Influenza 白喉 diphtheria 天花Smallpox virus 轮状病毒 Rotavirus Pertussis 百日咳 人类免疫御防的历史 Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Jenner 和 Pasteur , 著名的免疫学家，公认为免疫接种和主动免疫的先驱。 免疫接种的里程碑 *埃及 鼻吸 粉状天花痂 *天花接种传入英国，后传入美国 *中国 鼻吸 天花痂 *Edward Jenner 发现天花疫苗 *天花接种传入土耳其 *Pasteur 发现狂犬病减毒疫苗 患天花的小儿 （Infant with smallpox）? 1979年WHO宣布在全球范围内消灭了天花病毒。 WHO 宣称将在2003年在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. HIV? 许多引起高死亡率和高发病率的疾病的控制有了极大的进展，但是，仍迫切需要大量的疫苗预防其他的疾病。每年，世界上仍有数以百万的人死于疟疾(malaria), 结核(tuberculosis)和爱滋病 ( AIDS), 原因是没有有效的疫苗来控制这些疾病。到九十年代末，已有40,000,000人死于爱滋病，9,000,000的儿童沦为孤儿。 Four Plasmodium species are responsible for human malaria, P. falciparum, P.?vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae 1.4 million 12,000 270,000 500,000 210,000 890,000 22..5million How many people are living with HIV infection in various regions of the world? There remains the need to improve the safety and efficacy of present vaccines and to find ways to lower their cost and deliver them efficiently to all who need them, especially in developing countries of the world. The WHO estimates that 20%-35% of infant deaths in the world are due to diseases that could be prevented by existing vaccines. ? 二、免疫接种 IMMUNIZATION 免疫接种(Immunization)是一种对常见的致病的病原提供特异性的保护作用(specific protection) 。特异性免疫可通过两种方式获得：被动免疫(passive)或主动免疫(active)，它们都可通过天然 (natural)和人工 (artificial)的途径获得 。 免疫Immunity 天然 Innate 获得性Acquired 被动 Passive 主动Active 人工Artificial 天然Natural 人工Artificial 天然Natural Modes of immunization Acquisition of passive and active immunity 被动 免疫 Natural maternal antibody Immune globulin Antitoxin 主动 免疫 Natural infection 疫苗 Vaccines 减毒的微生物 Attenuated organisms 灭活的微生物 Inactivated organisms 纯化的微生物的分子Purified microbial macromolecules 类毒素 Toxoid Pre and post vaccine incidence of common infectious diseases Post Pre 102 1 2 3 4 5 6 7