03光学仪器.ppt

Poet.fjnu.edu.cn 物理与光电信息学院 School of Physics and OptoElectronics Technology FUJIAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China §5 Optical Instruments Optical Systems 人眼 Microscope 显微镜 Telescope 望远镜 Camera 照相机 Projector 投影仪 Prism spectrometer 棱镜光谱仪 Magnifying power of visual instruments Magnifying power The Magnifying Glass Eyepieces Magnification power of microscope Magnification power of telescope 1.人眼 人眼结构 视角：物体对人眼光心的张角U（远近、大小） 仰高：视网膜上物体的象的高度l 远点、近点 明视距离=25cm 最大视角＝物高/25cm 最小分辨角~1分 助视仪器 放大镜、目镜、显微镜、望远镜 放大本领 肉眼观察物体时，当物体由远移近时，它所张的视角增大，成像也增大，但达到明视距离25cm以后继续移近，眼睛将感到吃力，甚至看不清楚。因此，肉眼观察物体时，最大视角不超过U=y/25 助视仪器起到增大视角的作用，物体经 过光学仪器和人眼后在视网膜上形成的 像的长度l，物体直接经过人眼在视网 膜上形成的像的长度l?, l与l?之比称为光 学仪器的放大本领 因此，放大本领就是视角大小的比值 P Q U 25cm U l P Q U’ l ’ Human eyes: evolved for Adaptivity (e.g. brightness adjustment) Bypass structural defects (e.g. blind spot) Other functional requirements (e.g. stereo vision) Human eyes—a co-axis optical systems constituted of different mediums with clear images in the retina. The human eyes are considered to be a single refraction interface simply:Refraction index n ＝1.33 unaccommdation Nearsightedness-negative lenses 眼球轴向过长 page 223 Fig4.83 Farsightedness-positive lenses Astigmatism-Anamorphic lenses 眼球在不同方向截面内的曲率不同 When the object is moved from far to near，the angle u becomes bigger and image becomes bigger too. But when the distance is smaller than 25cm, the object is invisible Visual instruments are used to increase visual angles The magnifying power M: the ratio of the size of the retinal image as seen through the instrument over the size of the retinal image as seen by the unaided eye at normal viewing distance. Magnifying power l U P Q 25cm -l U P Q 25cm In these two optical system, the object in the unaided system and the retinal image in the visual system are at the same distance.(物体经助视仪器所成的像与不经助视仪器的物体在同一位置上） Thes