Chapter2 基因组结构.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FIGURE 9-2c Cleavage of DNA molecules by restriction endonucleases. (c) A synthetic DNA fragment with recognition sequences for several restriction endonucleases can be inserted into a plasmid that has been cleaved by a restriction endonuclease. The insert is called a linker; an insert with multiple restriction sites is called a polylinker. * FIGURE 9-2ab Cleavage of DNA molecules by restriction endonucleases. Restriction endonucleases recognize and cleave only specific sequences, leaving either (a) sticky ends (with protruding single strands) or (b) blunt ends. Fragments can be ligated to other DNAs, such as the cleaved cloning vector (a plasmid) shown here. This reaction is facilitated by the annealing of complementary sticky ends. Ligation is less efficient for DNA fragments with blunt ends than for those with complementary sticky ends, and DNA fragments with different (noncomplementary) sticky ends generally are not ligated. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FIGURE 8-18 Palindromes and mirror repeats. Palindromes are sequences of double-stranded nucleic acids with twofold symmetry. In order to superimpose one repeat (shaded sequence) on the other, it must be rotated 180? about the horizontal axis then 180? about the vertical axis, as shown by the colored arrows. A mirror repeat, on the other hand, has a symmetric sequence within each strand. Superimposing one repeat on the other requires only a single 180? rotation about the vertical axis. * FIGURE 8-19b Hairpins and cruciforms. Palindromic DNA (or RNA) sequences can form alternative structures with intrastrand base pairing. (b) When both strands of a duplex DNA are involved, it is called a cruciform. Blue shading highlights asymmetric sequences that can pair with the complementary sequence either in the same strand or in the complementary strand. * * * 3、moderately repetitive sequences 中度重复序列： 是由100到几千个bp的片段重复而成，它们分散在整个高等生物的基因组中，约占基因组DNA