A03第三章地质年代和第四纪地质课程.ppt

第3章地质年代和第四纪地质概述Geologic age and general introduction of the Quarternary geology 3.1 地质年代Geologic age 3.1.1 绝对年代Absolute age 3.1.2 相对年代Relative age 3.1.3 地质年代表Chronological scale 3.2第四纪地质概述General introduction of the Quarternary geology 3.2.1 第四纪地质概况Introduction 3.2.1.1 第四纪气候与冰川活动 3.2.1.2 板块构造 3.2.2 第四纪沉积物 Deposits in the Quarternary 3.1 地质年代Geologic age 对过去的地质事件排序并量测的方法method of ordering and measuring past events 3.1.1 绝对年代Absolute age（同位素年龄） 它产生一个纪事时代。可以判断年龄与周期。 如年轮代表树龄一样。 现在一种较常用的方法依赖于放射同位素自然发生的衰变。It generates an age in years. We can judge the age with periodicity, such as growth rings of a tree.The other method is more commonly used nowadays which relies on the decay of naturally occurring radiogenic isotopes. 放射性测量是迄今最广泛的方法，用于测定绝对年龄介乎1亿和45亿年。其中尤其是碳14常用于确定比较近期的往事。Radiometric is by far the most widespread method applied to determine absolute age between 100 and 4500 My. C-14 is special for determining the relatively recent past events. 3.1.2相对年代Relative age 用地质学的原理把地质事件按先后排序。It uses geological principles to place events in chronological order. 1)地层层序律 The principle of superposition 地层层序是:未经构造运动的水平岩层正常的沉积顺序是下老上新。 Normal succession of strata: older beds are covered by younger beds. In other word, the youngest unit is usually at the top in a sedimentary sequence. 地层的倒转Overturned succession of strata 2)生物层序律 The principle of fossil succession 生物从无到有、从简单到复杂、从低级到高级不可逆转 特殊的生物体能够作为该地层所处年代的标记。Particular organism forms can be used as age markers wherever they are found. 古生物化石标本 3)切割律 岩层、岩体被侵入岩侵入穿插，侵入者时代新，被侵入者时代老。被包裹者老于包裹者 ①石灰岩, 最早形成Limestone 1, the earliest form ②花岗岩Granite ③硅卡岩, 形成时间同花岗岩Silicon card rocks, with granite formation time ④闪长岩diorite ⑤辉绿岩diabase ⑥砾石gravel ⑦砾岩, 最晚形成 conglomerate, the latest form 地层接触关系 概念：整合？年代、产状 (1)整合接触 (2)不整合接触 平行不整合(假整合接触) 角度不整合(不整合接触) (3)侵入体的沉积接触 (4)侵入接触 (5)断层接触 整合接触关系 角度不整合接触关系 (a)在沉积岩中Among sedimentary rocks 整合conformity 地层在一个稳定的沉积环境中形成