第2章-溶液汇编.pptVIP

1 Chapter 2Solutions and Colloids溶液与溶胶 Section 1 Dispersions 分散体系 The Concentrations of Solutions溶液浓度 Dispersion分散体系 Solutions 溶液, suspensions 悬浊液, emulsions 乳浊液 and colloids 胶体 are the real forms of dispersions. Section 2 Colligative Properties of Dilute Solutions依数性稀溶液 Lowering of the Vapor Pressure of Solutions溶液蒸气压下降 How to Evaluate the ? 溶质 ? Boiling Point and Freezing Point of a Liquid 液体的沸点、凝固点 Elevation of the Boiling Point and Depression of the Freezing Point of a Dilute Solution稀溶液的沸点上升、凝固点下降 Osmotic Pressure 渗透压 Reverse Osmosis 反渗透 反渗透膜组件示意图 Protonic Concept of Acids and Bases 酸碱质子理论 Acid-Base Equilibrium 酸碱平衡 HAc(aq) ? H+(aq) + Ac?(aq) Ka? HAc(aq) ? H+(aq) + Ac?(aq) Ka? Ac?(aq) + H2O ? HAc(aq) + OH?(aq) Kb? pH in Our Daily Life Buffer Solutions缓冲溶液 Factors Affecting on Hydrolysis of Salts 影响盐类水解的因素 The nature of a salt Dilution with water Temperature The pH of the solution The Precipitation and Dissolution Reactions of Insoluble Electrolytes难溶电解质的沉淀-溶解反应 The Solubility and Solubility Product Constant 溶解度与溶度积 Solubility (S) : the maximum amount of dissolved materials, usually in mol?L?1. The Rule of Solubility Product溶度积规则 Dissolution of the Precipitates沉淀的溶解 Dissolution by the formation of a very weak electrolyte 形成弱电解质 Dissolution by redox reaction 氧化还原 Dissolution by formation of a complex ion 形成配离子 Fractional Precipitation分步沉淀 谢谢大家!!! Nature of a Salt Dilution with Water Temperature The pH of the Solution Dissolution by the Formation of a Very Weak Electrolyte Dissolution by Redox Reaction氧化还原 Dissolution by Formation of a Complex Ion [H+] = Ka? ? (C共轭碱 ? C共轭酸) Rewrite the above equation, we have 所以，[H+] = 1.8?10?5 mol?L?1. 验证假设。将[HAc] = 0.1 ? 1.8?10?5 = 0.09998 mol?L?1、[NaAc] = 0.1000 mol?L?1代入上式，得 [H+] = 1.8?10?5 mol?L?1. 根据pH值的定义: pH = ?log([H+]/c?) pH = ?log[H+] = ?log(1.8?10?5) = 4.74 The calculation equation of the pH of buffers is: 两边同乘 [OH?]， 因[OH?][H+] = Kw?， 而酸及其它的共轭碱的解离常数的关系是: Kw? = Ka? Kb?(自行证明)。上式可写为: A