二 段落写作.ppt

Chapter Two Paragraph and Discourse 二、段落与篇章 3.1段落 3.1.1 简介 段落（ paragraph ）是由表达单一中心主旨（central idea ）的一组句子构成 好段落有如下几个标准： ⑴ 一段一个要点 ⑵ 切忌杂乱无章 ⑶ 不长也不短 ⑷ 承上与启下 3.1.2段落的结构  主题句 ↙ ↓ ↘ 扩展句1 扩展句2?? 扩展句3 （等等） ↘ ↓ ↙ 结论句 主题句是指能够概括段落思想且语法结构完整的句子，它可以位于段首、段中和段尾。 扩展句（或称推展句/拓展句）是指用具体的细节或事例对主题句加以描述、说明与论证的句子。 结论句 (又称概括句/结尾句)是指在段落结尾时用与段落主题句不同的词语重复段落的中心思想或总结段落主题的句子。 1主题句 主题句的位置 ① 段首（Topic Sentence at the Beginning） ② 段中（Topic Sentence in the Middle ）③ 段末（Topic Sentence at the End ） ④ 段首段末兼而有之（Topic Sentence at the Beginning and End） ⑤ 隐含在段落中（Topic Sentence Implied ） 1 Even when we are very careful in the things we do each day, the risk of loss and injury is always with us. Starting the day with a shower, we risk slipping and falling through the glass door. Riding to work, we risk collision. While we are away from our homes, the risk of fire and burglary is greater. Going to school, our children risk being injured. We also lose through unintentional actions of our own that might injure others. Such events may occur regardless of how careful we may try to be, and they can cost us a lot of money. Rather than taking the chance of being wiped out financially, we transfer some or our risks to others, we buy insurance. 2 Californians and New Englanders are both Americans. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility, both physical and psychological, has made a great impression on the culture of Californians. Lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders. 3 At the beginning of a writing course, many students earn low grades because they are inexperienced writers. They simply don’t know how to write an effective essay, and in the process of learning to do so, they make mistakes and low grades. Such grades affect the students’ confidence and morale, making writing an unpleasant task associated with anxiety and