2015：第14章-保护性耕作技术-1学时.pptVIP

本科生必选课;第十四章 保护性耕作技术;保护性耕作技术概况 保护性耕作技术的原理 保护性耕作技术的进展 保护性耕作的技术措施 东北垄作区保护性耕作技术 东北垄作区保护性耕作技术模式 保护性耕作技术机具;保护性耕作是相对于传统翻耕的一种新型耕作技术。 国外定义：用大量秸秆残茬覆盖地表，将耕作减少到只要能保证种子发芽即可，主要用农药来控制杂草和病虫害。 我国定义：对农田实行免耕、少耕，用作物秸秆覆盖地表，减少风蚀、水蚀，提高土壤肥力和抗旱能力的一项先进农业耕作技术。;Conservation tillage?is any method of soil cultivation that leaves the previous years crop residue (such as corn stalks or wheat stubble) on fields before and after planting the next crop, to reduce soil erosion and runoff. To provide these conservation benefits, at least 30% of the soil surface must be covered with residue after planting the next crop. Some conservation tillage methods forego traditional tillage entirely and leave 70% residue or more. Conservation tillage is especially suitable for erosion-prone cropland. In some agricultural regions it has become more common than traditional moldboard plowing.;Conservation tillage methods include?no-till,?strip-till,?ridge-till?and?mulch-till. Each method requires different types of specialized or modified equipment and adaptations in management. No-till?and?strip-till?involve planting crops directly into residue that either hasnt been tilled at all (no-till) or has been tilled only in narrow strips with the rest of the field left untilled (strip-till). Ridge-till?involves planting row crops on permanent ridges about 4-6 inches high. The previous crops residue is cleared off ridge-tops into adjacent furrows to make way for the new crop being planted on ridges. Maintaining the ridges is essential and requires modified or specialized equipment. -Minnesota Department of Agriculture.;径流（传统耕作）;碎茬覆盖;二、保护性耕作技术的原理;三、保护性耕作技术的进展;2、国内 研究始于20世纪60年代，黑龙江农场的小麦生产； 系统研究由中国农业大学20世纪90年代开始，进行抗旱增产和减少水土流失为目标。 2008年底，我国保护性耕作技术应用面积突破4000万亩，机械化免耕播种面积1.9亿亩，秸秆机械化粉碎还田3.5亿亩。 2012年，全国保护性耕作技术应用面积超过1亿亩。;1、免耕技术 免耕法就是免去除播种作业之外的所有土壤作业，一般作业程序是，前茬作物收获后，如有必要，先进行残茬处理（如玉米秸秆的就地粉碎），然后采用免耕施肥播种机，完成施肥、播种、及喷洒除草剂的工作。 实行免耕法的农场使用的农业机械仅有三种，即：播种机、喷雾植保机械和联合收割机。这种“免耕法”是保护性耕作的最高形式。;2、少耕技术 在取消犁耕的基础上，为保证