分子生物学期末考试复习内容-2011教程.doc

 PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 8 | Page Section A Prokaryotes：原核生物，没有成形的细胞核或线粒体的一类单细胞生物，the simplest living cells Eukaryotes：真核生物，所有单细胞或多细胞的、其细胞具有细胞核的生物的总称；denfined by their possension of membrane-enclosed organelles with specialized metabolic functions. Differentiation:分化，生物体发育过程中细胞和组织的结构和功能的变化；in most multicellular eukaryotes, groups of cells differentiate during development of the organism to provide specialized functions Glycerides (甘油酯): 通常指由甘油和脂肪酸（包括饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸）经酯化所生成的酯类, 是中性脂肪，是血脂肪的成分之一，扮演著贮存与输送的角色 Triglycerides(甘油三酯):是长链脂肪酸和甘油形成的脂肪分子。是人体内含量最多的脂类，大部分组织均可以利用甘油三酯分解产物供给能量，同时肝脏、脂肪等组织还可以进行甘油三酯的合成，在脂肪组织中贮存 Polysaccharides:多糖，单糖以糖苷键工价连接的聚合体，其功能主要是作为营养糖源或结构组分。Polymers of simple sugars covalently linked by glycosidic bonds,as untritional sugar stores and as structural materials Glycoproteins:糖蛋白，既含有蛋白质又含有糖，糖基化是蛋白质翻译后修饰的通常形式。Contain both protein and carbohydrate components;glycosylation is the commonest form of post-translational modification of proteins Chromatin:染色质是构成真核生物染色体的原件，是一个由大约等量的DNA与小分子的碱性蛋白质所组成的脱氧核蛋白复合体，the material from which eukaryotic chromosomes are made,is a deoxyribinucleoprotein complex made up of roughyl equal amounts of DNA and small,basic proteins called histones Biomembranes:生物膜，将磷脂与鞘脂置于水中，会自发地形成一个极性基团在外、非极性烃链在内的脂双分子层，when placed in an aqueous environment,phospholipids and sphingolpids naturally form a lipid bilayer with the polar groups on the outside and the nonpolar hydrocarbon chains on the inside. Hydrogen bonds:氢键，在供体基因的一个共价结合的氢原子和受体基因上一对非成键电子之间形成，form between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom on a donnor group and a pair of nonbonding electrons on an acceptor group van der Waals forces:范德华力，电中性分子间的非共价结合的统称，noncovalent associations between electrically neutral monlecules Hydrophobic interaction:疏水相互作用，指水介质中球状蛋白质的折叠总是倾向于把疏水残基埋藏在分子内部的现象，是蛋白质-蛋白质和蛋白质-脂类的相互作用以及核酸结构中的主要稳定力，a major sabilizing force in protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions and in nucleic acids phospholipid molecule:磷脂分子，由两分子脂肪酸和一分子磷酸以酯键与甘油相结合，是膜的主要成分，consist of glycerol este