2002south-westernpublishing.pptVIP

?2002 South-Western Publishing ;?1999 South-Western College Publishing ;Managerial Challenge:US Airways;Meaning of Cost ;機會成本(Opportunity Cost);案例8-5 機會成本;案例8-5 機會成本（續）;案例8-5 機會成本（續1）;Examples of Relevant Cost Concepts;Unutilized Facilities. Empty space may appear to have no cost” Economists view its alternative use (e.g., rental value) as its opportunity cost. Measures of Profitability. Accountants and economists view profit differently. Accounting profit, at its simplest, is revenues minus explicit costs. Economists include other implicit costs (such as a normal profit on invested capital). Economic Profit = Total Revenues - Explicit Costs - Implicit Costs;相關性原則; Sunk Costs -- already paid for, or there is already a contractual obligation to pay Incremental Cost - - extra cost of implementing a decision = ? TC of a decision Marginal Cost -- cost of last unit produced = ? TC/???Q SHORT RUN COST FUNCTIONS 1. TC = FC + VC fixed variable costs 2. ATC = AFC + AVC = FC/Q + VC/Q;沉沒成本(Sunk Cost);沉沒成本(Sunk Cost)（續）;案例8-9 蘋果公司的訂價策略;案例8-9 蘋果公司的訂價策略（續）;沉沒成本：策略影響;沉沒成本與固定成本;沉沒成本與固定成本（續）;Short Run Cost Graphs;邊際成本與平均成本;圖4-2 短期邊際成本與平均成本; Relation of Cost Production Functions in SR;短期邊際成本、平均變動成本和平均成本;短期邊際成本、平均變動成本和平均成本（續）;Problem; Long Run Costs;個別廠商的長期供給曲線;個別廠商的長期供給曲線（續）;Long Run Cost Functions: Envelope of SRAC curves;Economists think that the LRAC is U-shaped;Flat section Constant returns to scale Upward rising section of LRAC is due to: diseconomies of scale. These include transportation costs, imperfections in the labor market, and problems of coordination and control by management. The minimum efficient scale (MES) is the smallest scale at which minimum per unit costs are attained. Modern business management offers techniques to avoid diseconomies of scale through profit centers, transfer pricing, and tying incentives to performance.;; Cost Functions and Production Functions: LR Relationships and the Importance of Factor Costs;Pr