北京大学物理学院-第3章-原子和分子.1.ppt

第三章 原子和分子;概述;原子结构的量子力学描述;一、三维空间薛定谔方程;若粒子在三维箱子内运动，箱内0xL1,0yL2, 0zL3。边界条件量子化k1L1=n1?，k2L2=n2?， k3L3=n3?，总能量为;D=1;D=1;For a cubical box, we just saw that the 5th energy level is at 12 E0, with a degeneracy of 1 and quantum numbers (2,2,2). 1. What is the energy of the next energy level? a. 13E0 b. 14E0 c. 15E0 2. What is the degeneracy of this energy level? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6;For a cubical box, we just saw that the 5th energy level is at 12 E0, with a degeneracy of 1 and quantum numbers (2,2,2). 1. What is the energy of the next energy level? a. 13E0 b. 14E0 c. 15E0 2. What is the degeneracy of this energy level? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6;E;E;二、量子力学对氢原子的描述; 将U的值代入定态薛定谔方程，可得：;利用分离变量法，令氢原子中电子的波函数为;1.能量量子化和主量子???n;E1;这说明：角动量也是量子化的。;l =0 is denoted as an “s state”;氢原子内电子的状态;3.角动量的空间量子化和磁量子数ml;B(z);例 设氢原子处于2p态，求氢原子的能量、角动量大小及角动量的空间取向。;4.塞曼效应;由于磁场作用, 原子附加能量为 ;l=1;在量子力学中，电子的状态则是用波函数来描述的，而波函数又与上述的几个量子数有关，因此，我们可写成：; 将上式对?从0??，对?从0?2?从积分，则可得到：在半径 r 到 r+dr 的球壳内找到电子的几率为;电 子 云;电子的几率密度与?角无关，所以几率密度绕Z轴旋转对称分布。;z;氢原子最低几条能级的归一化径向波函数;氢原子基态波函数;m = –2;;Wave Functions: Angular Radial Components;一些低量子数的径向概率分布曲线 ;径向波函数用 nl 标记，l = 0，1，2，分别用 s，p，d表示;;;;;;类氢离子 ;Hydrogen Atom States: Summary;Hydrogen Atom States: Summary;Optical Transitions between Atomic Levels;Allowed Transitions for H;Question?;Question?;Electrons in a large group of Hydrogen atoms are excited to the n=3 level. How many spectral lines will be produced? 1 2 3 4 5 6;An electron, initially excited to the n = 3 energy level of the hydrogen atom, falls to the n = 2 level, emitting a photon in the process. 1) What is the energy of the emitted photon? a) 1.5 eV b) 1.9 eV c) 3.4 eV 2) What is the wavelength of the emitted photon? a) 827 nm b) 656 nm c) 365 nm;An electron, initially excited to the n = 3 energy level of the hydrogen atom, falls to the n = 2 level, emitting a photon in the process. 1) What is the energy of the emitted photon? a) 1.5 eV b) 1.9 eV c) 3.4 eV 2) What is the wavelength of the emitted