海科导水文3资料.pptVIP

Review;①洋(Ocean)：；远离大陆，受陆地影响小；水文要素稳定；盐度平均35，且年变化小；有独立的潮汐系统和强大的洋流系统 ②海(Sea)：温、盐等水文要素受陆地影响大，季节变化明显；透明度小；潮汐系统受大洋支配 ③海湾(Gulf, Bay, Fjord)：水文要素特征一般与其相邻的海或大洋相似，在海湾中常有大潮差。 ④海峡(Strait, Channel)：流速很大，尤其潮流流速很大 ;Location System 海图:墨卡托投影—等角投影 两点之间距离的换算(适用小范围内);密度变化异常;2.2 温度、盐度和密度的概念及关系Temperature, Salinity and Density;2.2.1 Temperature;2.2.2 Salnity;Measuring Salinity;密度（Density）：单位体积物体的质量;st (sigma-t)(条件密度): Shorthand method of expressing the density of a sample of seawater at atmospheric pressure as determined by its in situ temperature and salinity st = (r - 1000) kg/m3;The effect of Pressure;The effect of Temperature;The effect of Salinity ;Table 4.4 When S is constant and greater than 24.7, the density decreases as T increases When T is constant, the density increases with increasing S;The density of seawater is greater than the density of freshwater because seawater contains dissolved salts. The density of pure water at 3.98°C, or approximately 4°C, is 1.0 g/cm3. The density of seawater of average salinity is about 1.0278 g/cm3. Because of this, fresh water will float on ocean water. ;1. 热容（heat capacity)、比热容(specific heat) 热容(heat Capacity)：海水温度升高1K所吸收的热量。（单位：J/K） 比热容((specific heat capacity))：单位质量海水的热容。单位：J/(K kg) 定压比热Cp:在一定压力下测定的比热容。 定容比热Cv:在一定体积下测定的比热容。;Heat capacities of some common materials ;2. 热膨胀 热膨胀系数：海水体积受热膨胀或收缩其相对变化率。是T、S、P的函数。单位：℃-1 ??? 海水的热膨胀系数比纯水的大，且随温度、盐度和压力的增大而增大；在大气压力下，低温、低盐海水的热膨胀系数为负值，说明当温度升高时海水收缩。由正转负对应的密度最大。;3. 压缩性(Compressibility)、绝热变化，位温(Potential Temperature) 压缩系数：单位体积海水，压力增加1Pa体积的负增量。（单位：Pa-1) ??? 若海水微团在被压缩时，因和周围海水有热量交换而得以维持其水温不变，则称为等温压缩。若海水微团在被压缩过程中，与外界没有热量交换，则称为绝热压缩。海水的压缩系数随温度、盐度和压力的增大而减小。 ;绝热变化（Adiabatic Changes ）：??? 绝热上升时，压力减小，体积膨胀，对外做功，消耗内能导致温度降低；绝热下沉时，压力增加，体积减小，外力对海水微团做功，增加其内能使温度增加。 NOTE: The rate of fall of temperature for dry air (due to adiabatic changes) is 9.8 C/km. The rate of change of temperature with depth in the oceans (due to adiabatic changes) is less than 0.2 C/km. 位温(potential temperature， Θ)：??? 某一深度海水绝热上升到海面时温度称该深度