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2016-12-08 发布于天津
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PS2011PS2016CognitivePsychology–DrJohnBeech.docx

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PS2011PS2016CognitivePsychology–DrJohnBeechDevelopmentalDyslexia2DefinitionsofdyslexiaDefinitionsHinshelwood(1900):“wordblindness”.Orton(1937)“strephosymbolia”(“turningofsymbols”).“Dyslexia”-late19thC:Germandys“difficult”andGreeklexis“speech”.MadepopularbySamuelOrton,aneuropathologist.“Dyslexia”meansthatachildis:Belownormalinreading“age”.InaveragerangeofIQ.Novisualnorauditoryproblems.Emotionallystable.Normaleducationalopportunity.3DefinitionsofdyslexiaTheterm“dyslexia”canalsobeappliedtoadultsinthecontextoftheirreadinglevelbeingbelowwhatwouldbeexpectedfortheirlevelofIQ.Dyslexiainchildrenisreferredtohereas“developmentaldyslexia”todifferentiatefrom“acquireddyslexia”,whichwe’llexaminebrieflyafterthecurrenttopic.4DefinitionsofdyslexiaVellutino(1979)suggestedforexperiments:2yearsbehindinreadingWISC-R:90(Mean100)AcuityinsightandhearingNotmaladjustedOnlyfrommiddleclassareasTheseareexclusionarycriteria5DefinitionsofdyslexiaNowadaysforassessmentpurposesinUK:1.StatisticallysignificantdiscrepancyonWORDreadingtestsonexpectedv.observedscores,basedontheWISC-IV.Knownasthe“discrepancymeasure”toobtaindyslexia.2.Noproblemsinsight,hearingormaladjustmentThusthereisalittlebitofconfusionwiththeuseoftheterm“dyslexia”.TheeducationalestablishmentintheUKcantendtolumpinchildrenwhoarebehindinreading,whoarealsoweakinIQ.6CharacteristicsofdyslexiaSomereportedcharacteristics4:1boys:girlsProblemswithtime,namingsequences(e.g.months)Left/rightreversals(e.g.was/saw,b/d,p/q)ProblemswithdifferentiatingtheleftfromtherightDifficultyinrepeatingthingsProblemsinunderstandingspokendirectionsProblemsinrememberingwhathasjustbeensaidPoorhandwritingMinorneurologicalimpairments7CharacteristicsofdyslexiaIsdyslexiaanythingspecial?Itsoundslikeamedicallabel,butdoesn’texplainthecondition.Allitdoesisexcludepossibilities.Dyslexiahasnotbeenconclusivelylinkedtobraindamagesofar,exceptthatthereismorebrainsymmetryinpoorreaders.But35%ofeveryonehasthis.TherationalebehinddyslexiaisthatifachildispooratreadingANDhasnormaloraboveave