自动化专业英语第三版概述.ppt

Lesson 2.3 Flow Measurements;1. Introduction;1. Introduction;2. Basic Terms;2. Basic Terms;2. Basic Terms;2. Basic Terms;2. Basic Terms;2. Basic Terms;2. Basic Terms; Viscosity (dynamic viscosity, or absolute viscosity) can be measured in poise (泊) or centipoise (厘泊), whereas kinematic viscosity (运动粘度)(without force) is measured in stokes (沱) or centistokes (厘沱). Dynamic or absolute viscosity is used in the Reynolds (雷诺) and flow equations. ;Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress (剪应力) or tensile stress (张应力). Viscosity describes a fluid‘s internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction (摩擦力). The study of flowing matter is known as rheology (流变学), which includes viscosity and related concepts. Dynamic viscosity, also absolute viscosity, the more usual one (typical units Pa.s, Poise, cP); Kinematic viscosity is the dynamic viscosity divided by the density;The Reynolds number R is a derived (派生) relationship combining the density and viscosity Of a liquid with its velocity of flow and the cross- sectional dimensions (大小，尺寸) of the flow and takes the form R=VDρ/μ Where V=average fluid velocity D=diameter of the pipe ρ=density of the liquid μ=absolute viscosity;Flow patterns (流型，流动型式) can be considered to be laminar, turbulent, or a combination of both. Osborne Reynolds observed in 1880 that the flow pattern could be predicted from physical properties of the liquid. If the Reynolds number for the flow in a pipe is equal to or less than 2000 the flow will be laminar. From 2000 to about 5000 is the intermediate region where the flow can be laminar, turbulent, or a mixture of both, depending upon other factors. Beyond 5000 the flow is always turbulent.;The Bernoulli equation is an equation for flow based on the law of conservation (守恒) of energy, which states that the total energy of a fluid or gas at any one point in a flow is equal