制浆造纸专业单词5.docVIP

PAGE  PAGE 10 Chapter 11 Paper Manufacture – Dry End Operations 11.1 PAPER DRYING After pressing, the sheet is conveyed throught the dryer section where the residual water is removed by evaporation. On conventional paper machine, the thermal energy for drying is transferred to the paper by wrapping a series of large-diameter, rotating, staem-filled cylinders. A representtative system-cylinder drying system for lightweight paper is shown in Figure 11-1. The massive dryer section is the most expensive part of a paper machine in terms of capital cost. It is also the most costly to operate because of the high energy consumption. Therefore, efforts to increase evaporation rate (to reduce the number of dryers) and conserve energy ( to reduce steam usage ) are uauslly well justified. Unfortunately, the drying operation does not appear to receive as much attention as other parts of the process, and many opportunities to improve efficiency are lost. Criteria of Performance Two indices are important in assessing the performance of a dryer section: evaporation rate and steam economy. Evaporation rate is measured as pounds of water evaporated per hour per square foot of dryer surface contacted ( or equivalent metric units). A high evaporation rte is desirable with respect to equipment requirements, but drying must alwys be carried out within the constraints of the relatively low drying rate is required on some grades to ensure product quality. Generally, uniform evaporation across the machine is desired. However, if it is necessary to compensate for moisture streaks or other profile problems, techniques are available to raise or lower the evaporation rate at selected positions across the machine. The evaporation drying rate is greatly influenced by the steam pressure used inside the drying cylinders. When assessing the operation of different machines making the same type of paper, comparisons should be made on the basis of “lines of equivalent performance” as illustra