大气污染控制工程11技术分析.ppt

* 四、柴油车排气后处理技术 过虑捕集法 催化转化法 * 第四节新型动力车 一、电动汽车 二、燃料电池汽车 三、混和动力车 * 一、城市交通的综合规划 二、城市交通规划方法 三、关键的战略规划 第五节交通规划与交通管理 * * 2004年，中国城市由于空气污染共造成近35.8万人死亡，约64万呼吸和循环系统病人住院，约25.6万新发慢性支气管炎病人，造成的经济损失高达1527.4亿元。 * 据美国国家航空署公布的一张世界空气质量地图显示，全球细颗粒物污染最高的地区是北非以及中国的华北、华东和华中全部，中国大部分地区细颗粒物平均浓度接近80微克/立方米，超出世界卫生组织规定的有关污染指标的8倍。 * 在中国，可吸入颗粒物国家标准是年平均浓度每立方米空气100微克，是世界卫生组织标准的5倍。 中国只有1%的城市居民生活在40微克的标准以下，而有58%的城市居民生活在100微克标准以上的空气中。 * 上海、广州、天津、深圳等城市灰霾天数占到了全年天数的30%～50%。中国已成为世界上大气污染最严重的国家之一。 * 人体每天需要呼吸15立方米的空气，住在城市里的人就相当于一个“吸尘器”和“过滤器”。长期下去，细粒子污染对身体的危害要比切尔诺贝利核辐射严重。 * 专家因此发出告诫，晨练的人们最好待在家里，灰霾天里锻炼和运动无疑是“挥刀自戕”，若要外出必须戴好口罩。 * 重现蓝天任重而道远！ Besides tailpipe emissions, motor vehicles also pollute in other ways and some of these sources can be significant. Evaporative emissions and refueling losses are major sources of raw, unburned hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere. We estimate that in the U.S. - given very tight controls on tailpipe emissions - evaporative emissions contribute as much as half the excess emissions from vehicles! Another way to look at ideal combustion is to consider the ideal air fuel mixture. At an air-fuel mixture of 14.5:1, stoichiometry, the operation of the combustion engine is optimized - taking into consideration the full range of factors we are trying to control. Note, however, that at 14.5:1, the HC and CO emissions are reduced by the NO emissions increase dramatically. This fundamental trade off in emission control makes reducing pollution from combustion engines very difficult. 下面一页留给您备用 Besides tailpipe emissions, motor vehicles also pollute in other ways and some of these sources can be significant. Evaporative emissions and refueling losses are major sources of raw, unburned hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere. We estimate that in the U.S. - given very tight controls on tailpipe emissions - evaporative emissions contribute as much as half the excess emissions from vehicles! 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 Besides tailpipe emissions, motor vehicles a