环境科学第5单元.docVIP

CHAPTER TWO Interactions: Environment and Organisms环境和生物体的相互作用OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem. 确定非生物和生物因素的生态系统. Define niche. 确定Describe the process of natural selection as it operates to refine the fit between organism, habitat, and niche. 描述自然选择过程中，因为它设有完善适合生物体之间，生境及生态位。 Describe predator-prey, parasite-host, competitive, mutualistic, and commensalistic relationships. 描述捕食，寄生宿主，竞争，关系。 Differentiate between a community and an ecosystem. List some of the components of an ecosystem. 区分社会和生态系统。列表的一些组成部分的生态系统。  Define the roles of producer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, and decomposer. 定义的作用，生产者，草食动物，肉食动物，杂食，并分解 Describe energy flow in an ecosystem. 描述能量流的生态系统。 Relate the concepts of food webs and food chains to trophic levels. 涉及的概念，食物网和食物链对营养水平。 Explain the cycling of nutrients such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus through an ecosystem. 解释循环的营养，如氮，碳，磷和通过一个生态系统。1 Ecological Concepts 生态的概念 Ecology: is the study of the ways organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. 生态学：是研究生物的方式互相交，并与Environment: Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. 环境：一切都影响到生物体在其一生是统称为环境。 it is useful to subdivide the concept of environment into abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) factors. Abiotic factors can be organized into several broad categories: energy, nonliving matter, and processes that involve the interaction of nonliving matter and energy. 它是有用的细分的概念，环境问题纳入生物（ nonliving ）和生物（生活）的因素。 非生物因素可分为几大类：能源， nonliving事项和程序，涉及的相互作用nonliving物质和能量。 Biotic factors include all forms of life with which it interacts. 生物因素，包括所有形式的生命与它互动。 Limiting Factors: A shortage or absence of a key factor restricts the success of the species; thus the factor is known as a limiting factor. 制约因素：一种短缺或缺乏的一个关键因素限制了成功的物种;从而因素称为限制性因素。 Habitat: The habitat of an organism is the space that the organism inhabits, the place where