能源与环境5-2015.04.02要点.ppt

2.3 Petroleum and Its Environmental Impacts 1. Formation Accumulation and preservation of plankton as an organic-rich mud. Buried by many overlying layers and heated by burial Conversion of organic matter to oil (takes millions of years). 浮游生物 粘土 shale 页岩 kerogen 油原 hydrocarbons organic molecules composed of chains of hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) Most of the hydrocarbon molecules are saturated An appreciable fraction, around 10%, are aromatic Small quantities of other nonmetal elements sulfur (up to 10%) oxygen (up to 5%) nitrogen (up to 1%) Several metallic elements V, Ni, Fe, Al, Na, Ca,