土壤消毒技术要点.pptx

土壤消毒技术进展Progress on soil disinfestation 曹坳程 颜冬冬 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所 现代农业产业技术体系北京果类蔬菜创新团队 电话邮箱:caoac@ 电话邮箱:yandongdong@ 为什么要进行土壤消毒?Why soil need to be fumigated? 连作障碍Obstacles of monocultivation 真菌:如镰刀菌、疫霉菌、轮枝菌等; Fungi: such as fusarium, phytophtora, verticilium 细菌:如青枯劳尔氏菌 、欧氏杆菌; Bacteria: Ralstonia solanacarum, Erwinia spp. 线虫:如根结线虫; Nematodes: root knot nematodes 病毒:小麦土传花叶病毒 Virus: MNSV (carried by Olpidium bornovanus) 地下害虫: 蛴螬、金针虫等; Soil insects: grab, Elateridae etc 杂草、啮齿动物。Weeds, rodents, etc. 土壤消毒的历史History of soil disinfestation 氯化苦 Chloropicrin 由苏格兰化学家Stenhouse合成, 1848年首次报道作为土壤熏蒸剂, 随着第一次世界大战的爆发, 在战场上用作催泪瓦斯。 Chloropicrin was synthesized by Stenhouse, a Scottish chemist, and first reported as a soil fumigant in 1848. It was used as a tear gas in World War I. 1920年，Russell负责的一个农业试验站发现，氯化苦可有效地防治番茄上一些未知的土传病害，使作物产量得到恢复。 It was found that chloropicrin can control some unknown soil diseases in tomato and the yield recovered in an agricultural experiment station, in charge of Russell, in 1920. 1934年，氯化苦作为一种作物种植前的土壤消毒剂而得到广泛的应用。 Chloropicrin was widely used as a preplant fumigant in 1934. 溴甲烷 (甲基溴)Methyl bromide 1843年，Bensen合成了溴甲烷，1932年，法国人Le Goupil首先发现了溴甲烷的熏杀害虫的活性. MB was synthesized by Bensen in 1843. Le Goupil, a French, found the activity on insects in 1932. 1937年经Shepard等人深入的研究，认为溴甲烷比常用的熏蒸剂氰氢酸和氯化苦更为广谱和有效，对根结线虫、病原菌、地下害虫和杂草均有很好的效果，此后，溴甲烷在应用范围逐渐扩大。 Shepard et al. found that MB is more effective to control rootknot nematodes, pathogens, soil insects and weeds, than chloropicrin and HCN. Thereafter, the use of MB is gradually enlarged. 溴甲烷 MB 溴甲烷是全球已商品化使用超过60年，使用最广泛的熏蒸剂，广泛用于土壤、耐久贮藏品、易腐果品和建筑物消毒。 MB is the most widely used commercial fumigant globally. It is used in soil, perishables, durable commodities and structures. 可杀灭真菌、细菌、土传病毒、昆虫、螨类、线虫和啮齿动物。 It eradicates fungi, bacteria, soil virus, insects, mites, nematodes and rodents Cold gas “热法”施药Hot gas with VIF or TIF “热法”施药设备Equipment for hot gas application 溴甲烷的问题Issue of MB 溴甲烷淘汰时间