病毒感染的诊断和防治原则英文Viralinfectiondiagnosispreventionantiviral浅析.ppt

Part II. Prevention of viral infections Active immunizationVaccines Passive immunization anti-viral sera immunoglobulin  Specific prevention of viral infection 1. Vaccines Inactivated vaccine Live attenuated vaccine Recombinant vaccine Subunit vaccine C. Recombinant vaccine Purified viral antigens produced from genes cloned in either bacteria or yeasts. D. Subunit vaccine A subunit vaccine is a vaccine that contains isolated proteins from a virus, but lacks viral?nucleic acid. The primary advantage of using a subunit vaccine is that it is very safe, even in people with compromised immune systems. Part III. Antiviral Agents Reasons for continuing search for anti-virals versus vaccines: For many established diseases there is still no effective vaccine. there are problems with the current vaccine. 3. New and emerging diseases - no vaccine available 4. Vaccine development takes many years 5. Disease that involve immuno-suppression (AIDS, cancer, transplantation) Anti-Viral Chemotherapy Interrupting one or more steps in the replication cycle of the virus. Antiviral Agents Adsorption peptide that mimics the receptor neutralizing antibody Penetration amantadine Uncoating Biosynthesis Assembly and release Nucleoside analogs IFN Protease inhibitor Neuraminidase inhibitor Drugs against influenza virus Amantadine: interference with a viral protein, M2 (an ion channel), which is required for the viral particle to become uncoated’’ Neuraminidase inhibitor: blocking the function of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus preventing the virus from reproducing by budding from the host cell. Oseltamivir Zanamivir Drugs against HIV （Antiretroviral drug） Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) ： inhibit reverse transcription by being incorporated into the newly synthesized viral DNA and preventing its further elongation. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) ：inhibit reverse transcriptase directly by binding to the e