隐喻与认知语言学试题.ppt

Metapher Congnitive language 高校教师 范琳琳 Stucture of the contents Metaphor (隐喻) Examples Definition Category Distinction between metaphor and metonymy Congnitive linguistics (认知语言学) Definition Philosophical background Different schools Comments Some examples: Life is a journey. (M) The man has a heart of gold . (M) Sometimes the pen may be mightier than the sword. (M) Metaphor 隐喻 Traditional view on metaphor: metaphors are comparisons that show two things that are not alike in most ways are similar. Webster’s New World Dictionary defines: a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. How metaphor works? Metaphor: tenor(本体), vehicle(喻体), ground(喻底). Every metaphor is implicitly of the form ： X (tenor) is like Y (vehicle) in respect of Z (ground). eg. : Life (tenor) is a journey( vehicle). Conceptual metaphor 概念隐喻 According to the cognitive approach, metaphor is not to be seen as a purely linguistic phenomenon,but a cognitive one. The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. Metaphors are actually cognitive tools that help us structure our thoughts and experiences in the world around us. 概念隐喻 Lakoff 和M.Johnson所提出的概念隐喻不同于传统的隐喻理论，它是基于主客观相结合的经验主义的语言观，涉及到跨域映射（a cross-domain mapping）,即从源域（source domain）到目标域（target domain）的投射，通过将基本经验映射到抽象认知域上，从而达到理解抽象事物的目的。 我们所说的“在日常生活中无处不在的”隐喻，其实是指概念隐喻在语言使用时的具体体现形式，即隐喻性表达。它不仅包括传统意义上的隐喻，还包括明喻，类比，借代，提喻，拟人等。 Metaphor is an ontological mapping from the source domain to the target domain. It is a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system. It is not only a matter of language but also a way of thinking, the way we conceptualize the world. (an effective cognitive tool for humans to know the abstract things in terms of concrete ones) Target domain - what is actually being talked ab