（参考）翻译理论与实践.docVIP

Translation theory and practice 翻译中的内容与载体的关系 (翻译中的内容及其载体的选择，《上海科技翻译》2002，3。) 1 )翻译中形式和意义的关系 原文和译文之间的联系是意义上的联系，发生变化的仅仅是形式。内容和载体的问题跟词汇意义、语法意义和语用意义有关。在整体交际过程中它们之间的特点如下： 词汇意义载蓄于以词为单位的符号形式中。 (2)词与语法之间存在着密不可分的关系。索绪尔(2001: 112-113)认为词的价值即体现在它所代表的概念上，又体现在它与其他词的关系上。 (3)词与语境有密切的关系，是语篇的有机组成部分。Leech(1987) 就语境和语义学的关系指出：假若从思想、概念或者内在的思想来讨论意义，那么意义便被置于科学观察的范围之外；因此，人们应该根据情景、用法和语法来研究意义，也就是根据语言行为表面的和可以观察到的相互关联的事物来研究意义。语境不仅为语言活动提供一定的背景，而且决定语言活动的性质。语境特征一方面与语义有对应关系，另一方面又体现一定的社会文化系统。(转引自俞如诊，金顺德，1994)这段话说明词义涉及到语法、语篇和语用几个层面，一个词在这几个层面上与其他词发生联系，才能体现出其整体交际价值。 2) 句法和词汇意义的关系 (1)He flew to the south.(He moved through the air to the south by plane.) (2)The bird flew to the south. (The bird moved with its wings through the air to the south.) (3)Her hair was flying about. (Her hair was moved about by the wind.) 3) 语境与话语意义的关系 (5)My father was a nice man. I miss him a lot. (6)I don’t like my father, but he was a nice man. (7)Is this place taken? (8)Is there anyone sitting here? (9)May I sit here?( Larson,1997：9) 4) 翻译中的形式和意义 (10)He has been pursued, day by day, and year by year, by a most phenomental astonishing luckiness. (11)I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. (12)He discussed greatness and excellence. (13)I approached her very hesitantly. “Want to come and play?” Piquette looked at me with a sudden flash of scorn. “I ain’t a kid,” she said. Wounded, I stamped angrily away… (The Loons) (14)Would you like a lift into town? Yes, please. 5) 等值和激活框架－框架模式 (15) I once heard someone shout, “Look out!” I put my heard out of a window and a bucket of water fell on me. It seems that “look out ”may mean “don’t look out.” (16) The fair breeze blew, The white foam flew, The furrow followed free. (17) In Hollywood a marriage is success if it outlasts milk. (18) A happy family is but an earlier heaven. (19) Q: What is the thinnest book in the world? A: What Men Know about Women. Q: What is the thickes