newhistoricism详解.pptx

New Historicism and Popular Culture The questions asked by traditional historians: What happened? What does the event tell us about history? Traditional Historical View Linear, causal series of events Frequently asked questions: when, where, how, why Historical truth is attainable History is progressive The questions asked by new historicists: How has the event been interpreted? What do the interpretations tell us about the interpreters? New Historicism There is no fact, there is only interpretations It is difficult to produce reliable interpretations Why it is difficult to produce reliable interpretation? Impossibility of objective analysis Examples? 这句话出自胡适的名文《实验主义》，是胡适当时的一个长篇演讲稿，最初发表在《新青年》上。是胡适介绍詹姆士的实在论哲学思想时说的。原话是：“实在是我们自己改造过的实在。这个实在里面含有无数人造的分子。实在是一个很服从的女孩子，她百依百顺地由我们替她涂抹起来，装扮起来。好比一块大理石到了我们手里，由我们雕成什么像。”（《胡适作品集》第四集，台湾远流出版公司，1986年10月）　　胡适在文章的前面本来已经讲清楚了对实在的理解，他这里只是用了一个比喻的说法。胡适说，所谓实在含有三大部分。一是感觉。二是感觉与感觉之间及意象与意象之间的种种关系。三是旧有的真理。可以看出来胡适原话是讲哲学的，与历史毫无关系。但这句话在很长时间内却变成了胡适评价历史的一个基本态度。好多人写文章一上来就是胡适说过，“历史是个任人打扮的小姑娘”。　　这句话是如何流传开来的，一时不好查考，但可能与另一位著名哲学家当时的一篇文章有关。这位哲学家在批判胡适运动中写了《哲学史与政治———论胡适哲学史工作和他底反动的政治路线底关系》。其中有一段说：“实用主义者的胡适，本来认为历史是可以随便摆弄的。历史像个‘千依百顺的女孩子’，是可以随便装扮涂抹的。”（《胡适思想批判》第六集81页，三联书店，1955年8月）(/GB/wenhua/1088/2328149.html). Why it is difficult to produce reliable interpretation? The complexity of history History itself is uncertain Inherent law of history The causes to historical events are uncertain. The causes are not one-way street from cause to effect. All events are shaped by and shape the culture in which they emerge. Their relationship is mutually constitutive (they create each other) and dynamically unstable Michel Foucault Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, philologist and literary critic. His theories addressed the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. Michel Foucault Power circulates in all directions