Chapter 2 Structural Material.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Structural Material 结构材料 2.1 Materials for Concrete and Mix Proportions 混凝土材料和配合比 2.1.1 Concrete Composition 混凝土组成 Concrete is a mixture of aggregate（骨料）, and often controlled amounts of entrained（引入） air ,held together by a hardened paste（砂浆） made from cement and water. 混凝土是一种骨料混合物，常常由引入空气量控制，通过水泥和水构成的硬化砂浆凝固在一起。 Although there are other kinds of cement ,the word cement in common usage refers to as portland cement（波特兰水泥）. A chemical reaction between the portland cement and water causes concrete to harden(硬化) to a stone-like condition. This reaction is called hydration(水化). Hydration gives off heat, known as the heat of hydration . Because hydration hardens concrete , freshly placed(浇筑) concrete submerged underwater will harden. When correctly proportioned ,fresh concrete can be molded into nearly any size or shape. Upon hydration of the cement by the water, concrete becomes stone-like in strength, durability(耐久性) ,and hardness. Portland cement. Portland cement is the most commonly used modern hydraulic cement(水硬) cement. In this case ,the world hydraulic is the cement’s characteristic of holding aggregate together by using water or other low-viscosity（低粘滞度） fluids. Portland cement is a carefully proportioned and specially processed chemical combination of lime（石灰） ,silica（二氧化硅） ,iron oxide（氧化铁） , and alumina（矾土）. 波特兰水泥是一种精细配比并由石灰、二氧化硅、氧化铁和矾土专门加工而成的混合物。 Water . Unless test or experience indicates that a particular water source is satisfactory ,water should be free from acids (酸), alkalis（碱） , oils , and organic impurities（有机杂质）. Aggregates . Inert filler(惰性填充物) materials (usually sand and stone or gravel（砾石） ) make up between 60 and 80 percent of the volume of normal concrete. Aggregate is often washed when impurities are found that can retard(阻碍) cement hydration or deteriorate the concrete’s quality. All aggregate is screened(筛选) to ensure proper size gradation （级配），because concrete differs from other cement-water-aggregate mixtures in the size of