何建梅_合工大_科学技术史笔记(压缩打印版).docVIP

科学技术史（英）笔记整理 Lecture 1: introduction Possible definitions of “science”: The Latin scientia , root scire Allen Charimos科学始于迷茫，终于更高的迷茫。 Deng Xiaoping : Science and technology is the first productivity George Sarton: mankind’s unique activity of accumulation and progression Three aspects of science:1.scientific knowledge科学知识 2.scientific methods科学方法 3.scientific spirit科学精神 Three kinds of research methods of hist of scientec: annals or chronicles conceptual analysis of school of thought :original documents not the achievements but the mind of those writers思想史学派的概念分析方法 sociological method社会学的方法:注重科学的社会、文化功能 functions of history of science technology: to understand sciences better帮助人们更好地理解科学 to be a basis of other branches to bridge liberal arts and sciences to form a basis for scientific decision-making Lecture 2: science and technology of the ancient world Ancestry of alphabetic system of writing:腓尼基人 Cancer 巨蟹座 ：21st June ~20th July（老师说就考这个） Aries 白羊座 ：21st March~20th April Babylon diseases were described on the clay tablets like eye and ear trouble, skin and heart diseases .surgical equipment made in 2300BC Lecture 3:Greco-Roman Socrates—Plato Aristotelian kinematics: 2 types of motion: natural and compulsory Earth-centered It’s illogical to apply the scientific concepts and inferences applicable to the earth Any objects in motion are propelled by external objects. The speed and propelling force for the motion of objects from the external force are on the right proportion but are on the reverse proportion with resistance. Euclid, virtually founder of the plane geometry. Archimedes 物理学家，数学家，静力学和附体力学奠基人 杠杆原理lever principle Give me a fulcrum, I can propel the earth. Ptolemy 100~170AD Greek astronomer and geographer.集大成之作《至大论》（约145AD） 天坛的祈年殿——祭天祀谷，风调雨顺，国泰民安 宇宙理论：盖天说，浑天说，宣夜说 method of numeration记数法 method of positive and negative ; plus-minus notation正负术 limit极限 numerical solution of the equation of a higher degree高次方程的数值解法 quaternary technique四元术 congruence expres