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第十二篇 Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens While some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to “self-medicate” against the blues，scientists at the University of Toronto1 and the University of Montreal2 have found that smoking may actually 1 depressive symptoms in some teens． “This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived 2 benefits of smoking among teens，”says lead researcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate3 at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto．“ 3 cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating 4 or to improve mood，in the long term4 we found that teens who started to smoke reported5 higher depressive symptoms．” As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires 5 their use of cigarettes to affect mood．Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools 6 in high，moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods6． Participants were divided into three 7 ：never smokers；smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical 8 ；smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate．Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things；had 9 going to sleep or staying 10 ；felt unhappy，sad，or depressed；felt hopeless about the future；felt vexed，antsy or tense；and worried too much about things． “Smokers who used cigarettes as mood 11 had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked，”says co-researcher Jennifer O’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine7．“Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of 12 depressive symptoms．” The 13 between depression and smoking exists 14 among teens that use cigarettes to feel better．“It’s 15 to emphasize that depressive sympt