语言学第2-3章Phonetics Phonology.pptVIP

Phonetics Phonology Phonetics: Speech Sounds Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Many languages in the world today are both written and spoken. Language is first perceived through its sounds. Thus the study of sounds is of great importance in linguistics. Naturally, linguists are not interested in all sounds; they are concerned only with those sounds that are produced by humans through their speech organs and have a role to play in linguistic communication. Speech sounds These sounds are limited in number. This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language, and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds（言语语音）. What is phonetics? Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. These three branches of phonetics articulatory phonetics （发音语音学） it studies the sounds from the speakers point of view, i.e. How a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. auditory phonetics（听觉语音学） It looks at the sounds from the hearers point of view, i.e. How the sounds are perceived by the hearer. acoustic phonetics（声学语音学） It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. Organs of speech（发音器官） 1. lips唇 2. two lips 双唇 3. teeth牙齿 4. between teeth and lip 唇齿间 5. tooth ridge 齿龈 6. hard palate硬腭 7. soft palate 软腭 8. upper throat 咽 9. throat 喉 10. mouth 口 11. nose 鼻 Classification of English speech sounds English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: Vowels Consonants Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is so