医学物理学chapter.pptVIP

Please visit at the following website: /member/login.php / Coursework: Hand in your coursework of chapter 1 on Wednesday Summary to the last lecture 1. unit vectors单位向量 and products of vectors 2. definition of force: F = dP/dt 3. the Newton’s laws of motion运动定律; 4. work and kinetic energy动能: 5. conservative force保守力 and potential energy. (two Examples) Energy in a conservative force field In such a system, potential energy势能 and kinetic energy动能 can be converted (转换) each other. It can be shown that the total kinetic energy plus potential energy is a constant at any time in a conservative force field. Therefore if a system has a conservative force only, it has the property of conservation of energy. E = K + U = Constant (2.19) Example 2.5: If a body falls freely from a height of H, show that during the course of falling its total energy is always mgH. Prove: (1) At the beginning E = mgH (2) suppose that the body is falling h1 distance. Where h1 can be from 0 to H 2.4 Momentum and its conservation 2.4.1 Impulse （冲量） From the definition of force, we have: Fdt is the amount of force accumulation (积聚) within the time period dt and is called Impulse: Impulse = the change of momentum at ?t Theorem of momentum 2.4.2 momentum conservation Also from Newton’s second law of motion, if the external force is zero, then we have If the system contains many particles, then This is the conservational law of momentum. 2.4.3 Collisions (碰撞) Isolated system：momentum should be conserved. For elastic and horizontal collisions, the mechanical energy conservation. Example: two marbles弹球, one twice as heavy as the other, are dropped to the ground from the roof of a building. Just before hitting the ground, the heavier has As much the kinetic energy as the lighter one. half as much kinetic energy as the lighter one. twice as much kinetic energy as the lighter one. four times as much kinetic energy as the lighter one. none of the above 2.5 Circular