L15 Steel.pptVIP

Steels I.? Identification of terms Metal, alloy, Iron, steel, cast iron, wrought iron, reinforcing steel, reinforcement， structural steel, tool steel, etc. Pure nonferrous metals are suitable for engineering applications but not unalloyed iron Cheap iron alloys are used in larger quantities than the alloys of any other metal because steels and cast irons can be produced with a variety of useful properties, by variation of composition, heat treatment and working (hot and cold-rolling/drawing). Heat treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their physical and mechanical properties without changing the product shape. * * Steels II. Wrought steels Engineering components are produced in steels by hot- or cold-working processes, although some machining may be involved. The component may be put directly into service or may be heat treated or surface treated depending on the grade of steel or the application. The largest usage of wrought steels consists of plain carbon steels (普通碳钢, 碳素钢)or slightly modified plain carbon steels. The strength and hardness of normalized plain carbon steels tend to increase with increasing carbon content whereas ductility decreases. * * Steels III. Structural steels (plain carbon steels, notch ductile steels, grade 50, 55 steels) The design of steel structures is based primarily on the yield stress or proof stress(弹限强度, 保证强度)of the steel. Ductility, toughness (notch ductility) at normal and subzero temperatures, and weldability are often important properties. Weldability, which for steels deteriorates with increasing carbon content is important because welded structures give a weight saving and ease of fabrication compared with bolted or riveted structures. * * Steels Plain carbon steels Plain carbon steel has good ductility and weldability if its carbon content is low and a high yield strength if its carbon content is high. Consequently the carbon content is