第33章 总需求与总供给.pptxVIP

第三十三章 总需求与总供给 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply 1 美国的真实GDP 2 短期经济波动 Short-Run Economic Fluctuations ? 经济活动年复一年地波动 Economic activity fluctuates from year to year. ?在大多数年份里，物品与服务的生产是上升的 In most years production of goods and services rises. ?在一些年份，正常的增长没能出现，导致了衰退。 In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession. 衰退是真实GDP下降、收入减少、失业上升的时期 A recession is a period of declining real GDP, falling incomes, and rising unemployment. ?萧条是严重的衰退 A depression is a severe recession. 3 关注以下问题 ? 什么因素引起短期经济波动？ 什么政策可以防止经济衰退的时期出现？ 当衰退和萧条发生时，决策者如何缩短其持续时间，减轻其严重性？ 4 关于经济波动的三个关键事实 Three Key Facts About Economic Fluctuations? 经济波动是不规则和不可预测的。 Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable. ?经济当中的波动常常被称作经济周期（或译商业周期） Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle. ? 大多数宏观经济变量一起波动。 Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together. ?随着产出下降，失业率上升。 As output falls, unemployment rises. 5 美国的真实GDP 6 中国的真实GDP（指数） Real GDP（Indexed） in China 中国的实际GDP（1978＝100） 关于经济波动的三个关键事实 Three Key Facts About Economic Fluctuations? 大多数宏观经济变量一起波动。 Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together. ?大多数衡量某种收入或生产的宏观经济变量几乎同时波动。 Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together. 虽然许多宏观经济变量一起波动，他们波动的幅度并不同。 Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts. 8 美国的真实GDP 9 美国的投资支出 10 美国的失业率 11 关于经济波动的三个关键事实 Three Key Facts About Economic Fluctuations? 随着产出下降，失业上升。 As output falls, unemployment rises. ?真实GDP的变化和失业率的变化呈反向关系。 Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate. ?在衰退时期，失业大幅上升。 During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially. 12 解释短期经济波动 Explaining Short-run Economic Fluctuations ?古典经济学的基本假设是古典二分法与货币货 币中性。 The basic assumptions of classical economics are the classical dichotomy and monetary neutrality. ?所有宏观变量分成两类：名义变量与真实变量。 All macroeconomic variables can be separated into two groups: nominal variables and real variable